Transparent conductive oxides and alternative transparent electrodes for organic photovoltaics and OLEDs
Organic, photoactive devices, such as OLEDs or organic solar cells, currently use indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent electrode. Whereas ITO is industry‐proven for many years and shows very good electrical and optical properties, its application for lowcost and flexible devices might not be optimal. For such applications innovative technologies such as networkbased metal nanowire or carbon nanotube electrodes, graphene, conductive polymers, metal thin‐films and alternative transparent conductive oxides emerge. Although some of these technologies are rather experimental and far from application, some of them have the potential to replace ITO in selected applications.