Multiple sclerosis is a disabling neurological disease caused by the demyelination of central nervous system axons. Remyelination and regeneration can occur through the formation of new myelin sheaths by oligodendrocytes, which are recruited as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) after demyelination. The OPC differentiation process can become less effective due to an increase in the environmental barriers to differentiation. The extrinsic accumulation of myelin debris has been shown to inhibit OPC differentiation, and phagocytosis performed by macrophages and microglia to remove this debris promotes remyelination and recovery. Subsequently, these phagocytes can also express anti‐inflammatory cytokines that promote repair and growth factors that further promote differentiation. In this chapter, we discuss the beneficial role macrophages and microglia play in the remyelination process. These cells can enhance recovery by (i) phagocytosing extrinsic debris that block remyelination, (ii) releasing trophic factors that enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation, and (iii) altering gene expression that promotes immune regulation and tissue repair.