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Prion diseases are transmissible, neurodegenerative disorders associated with misfolding of the prion protein. Previous studies show that reduction of microglia accelerates central nervous system (CNS) prion disease and increases the accumulation of prions in the brain, suggesting that microglia provide neuroprotection by phagocytosing and destroying prions. In Csf1rΔFIRE mice, the deletion of an...
In ischemic stroke and post‐traumatic brain injury (TBI), blood–brain barrier disruption leads to leaking plasma amino acids (AA) into cerebral parenchyma. Bleeding in hemorrhagic stroke and TBI also release plasma AA. Although excitotoxic AA were extensively studied, little is known about non‐excitatory AA during hypoxic injury. Hypoxia‐induced synaptic depression in hippocampal slices becomes irreversible...
In humans, loss‐of‐function mutations of Kcnj10 in SeSAME/EAST syndrome, which encodes the inwardly rectifying K+ channel 4.1 (Kir4.1), causes progressive neurological decline. Despite its rich expression in oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells and an emerging link with demyelinating disease, the function of Kir4.1 in OLs is unclear. Here we show a novel role of Kir4.1 in OL development. Kir4.1 expression...
The pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 17 (IL‐17), that is mainly produced by Th17 cells, has been recognized as a key regulator in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Reactive astrocytes stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐17 are involved in blood brain barrier destruction, inflammatory cells infiltration and spinal cord injury. However,...
Skin is an easily accessible tissue and a rich source of Schwann cells (SCs). Toward potential clinical application of autologous SC therapies, we aim to improve the reliability and specificity of our protocol to obtain SCs from small skin samples. As well, to explore potential functional distinctions between skin‐derived SCs (Sk‐SCs) and nerve‐derived SCs (N‐SCs), we used single‐cell RNA‐sequencing...
The consumption of glucose in the brain peaks during late childhood; yet, whether and how glucose metabolism is differentially regulated in the brain during childhood compared to adulthood remains to be understood. In particular, it remains to be determined how glucose metabolism is involved in behavioral activations such as learning. Here we show that, compared to adult, the juvenile rat hippocampus...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease characterized by both degenerative and inflammatory processes. Various mediators are involved in the interplay of degeneration and innate immunity on one hand and peripheral adaptive immunity on the other hand. The secreted protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory modulator in a variety of pathologies. Although elevated intrathecal levels...
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are highly motile cells that support brain development, provision neuronal signaling, and protect brain cells against damage. Proper microglial functioning requires constant cell movement and morphological changes. Interestingly, the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel, a calcium‐permeable channel, is involved...
Leigh syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and early death. Mice lacking NDUFS4, a mitochondrial complex I subunit (Ndufs4 KO mice), have been established as a good animal model for studying human pathology associated with Leigh syndrome. As the disease progresses, there is an increase in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, thereby leading...
Cover Illustration: Lipocalin 2 is a potential regulator of inflammation in the brain and possibly involved in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesion formation. The picture was taken from tissue obtained from an MS patient with progressive disease course. The maximum projection identifies intracellular Lipocalin 2 (green) within an activated astrocyte (GFAP in red). (See Gasterich, N. et al, https://doi.org/10...
Oligodendrocytes (ODCs) are myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) supporting neuronal survival. Oxidants and mitochondrial dysfunction have been suggested as the main causes of ODC damage during neuroinflammation as observed in multiple sclerosis (MS). Nonetheless, the dynamics of this process remain unclear, thus hindering the design of neuroprotective therapeutic strategies. To decipher...
Astrocyte volume fluctuation is a physiological phenomenon tied closely to the activation of neural circuits. Identification of underlying mechanisms has been challenging due in part to use of a wide range of experimental approaches that vary between research groups. Here, we first review the many methods that have been used to measure astrocyte volume changes directly or indirectly. While the field...
Hypothalamic astrocytes are particularly affected by energy‐dense food consumption. How the anatomical location of these glial cells and their spatial molecular distribution in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) determine the cellular response to a high caloric diet remains unclear. In this study, we investigated their distinctive molecular responses following exposure to a high‐fat high‐sugar...
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