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Natural disasters play a major role in agricultural development and the economic cost associated with all natural disasters has increased 14 fold since the 1950s. Natural disasters are classified into hydro-meteorological and geophysical disasters. Definitions of various types of hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, droughts, cyclones, forest fires, heatwaves were presented. Evidence available...
Drought is a slow-onset, insidious natural hazard. Vulnerability to drought is increasing in all drought-prone nations and the traditional crisis management approach to address the impacts of these events has proven to be ineffective, untimely, and poorly coordinated. Amore risk-based management approach has been gaining acceptance worldwide because it addresses the underlying cause of impacts — vulnerability...
Extreme events in the Southwest Pacific (SWP) are widespread and largely centre on tropical cyclones, droughts and floods. These events are directly influenced by the state of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The impacts of climate extremes are dramatic, particularly on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of the SWP region. They cause destruction and widespread damage to human, socio, economic...
Extreme events can cause severe damage in several sectors such as agriculture, forests and fisheries. In order to facilitate early detection of these harmful episodes, adequate climate and agrometeorological databases must be ensured. Some observational data and products necessary for early detection are presented in this paper. It briefly reviews the main features of proper databases that provide...
Disasters induced by natural disasters carry significant consequences for agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors. In this paper, an attempt was made to give a brief account of tools available for forecasting or warning of natural disasters including floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, forest fires, and volcanoes. Use of such tools is important to decrease the impact on natural disasters on agriculture...
Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability and is adversely affected by the weather and climate related disasters. Impacts of extreme events on the agricultural sector can be positive or negative. While it is easier to contemplate negative impacts of extreme events such as droughts, tropical cyclones and floods, there are several positive impacts or benefits...
Damage from catastrophic events is both social and economic. Perhaps one of the most challenging aspects of modern life is our increasing ability to communicate, especially in the developed countries. This communication has brought an increased sense of connectedness but also made people more aware of the occurrence and consequences of natural disasters. In this paper we explore the potential for...
Tropical cyclones are perhaps the most devastating of all natural disasters and the vulnerability to tropical cyclones is becoming more pronounced because of high population growth rates in the tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Tropical cyclones cause a range of destruction in the coastal areas. Various features of tropical cyclones affecting China and their impacts on lowland agriculture...
Frost and high temperature injury are two important agrometeorological disasters in China. In this paper, the concept of frost and its differences from other low temperature injuries are presented. Recent studies on injury mechanism of frost are introduced. Frost-prone areas, crops harmed, and statistical characteristics in China are analyzed and summarized. Frost preventive and preparedness measures...
The drylands of the world are affected by moderate to severe land degradation from wind erosion and there is evidence that the frequency of sand storms/dust storms in increasing. Human induced change is by far the most significant factor in the alarming increase of sand storms in some regions. The definition of sand storms and dust storms were presented and the classifications currently in use were...
Severe droughts have occurred frequently in various parts of the United States throughout the 20th Century. These natural disasters caused severe hardship not only on the agriculture sector of society, but also on the entire socio-economic infrastructure. Until recently, governments and relief agencies responded to a drought disaster from a crisis perspective in a purely reactive approach. However,...
This Chapter describes recent events in the development and application of a national drought policy in Australia. Prior to the 1990s, Government assistance to drought-affected farmers and pastoralists was based on the assumption that drought was an unpredictable natural disaster. A paradigm shift towards the present policy of “self reliance” occurred in the early 1990s. Under this policy, farmers...
This Chapter describes the role of public education and training in mitigating the effects of natural disaster in Australia. Emphasis is on weather- and climate-related disasters, which have historically caused heavy economic losses, and sometimes significant loss of life. Three main themes are identified: (a) the continued development of a community-oriented approach to hazard minimisation, in which...
Efficient management of risks due to meteorological disasters is very important in China because of their increasing occurrence and limited capability for prevention and preparedness in China. Losses due to meteorological and related disasters account for more than 70% of the natural disaster losses in China. Early warning and prediction of agrometeorological disasters includes improvements in statistical...
Natural disasters are known to cause severe economic losses and in many developing countries in the form of decline in agricultural production, destruction of food reserves, damage to water supplies, etc. This report focuses on land use strategies to mitigate natural disasters including tropical storms, floods, droughts, dust storms and sand storms, frosts, volcanoes, landslides, bush, and forest...
Drought is a many faceted natural disaster that leads to serious socioeconomic impacts particularly affecting agricultural production and water supplies. There are two distinct phases in which the application of the knowledge of weather and climate can reduce the impact of drought on the communities. The first is the long term planning in which strategies can be devised, and precautions taken to reduce...
Drought and flood are the most frequent and severe natural disaster. With the development of remote sensing and GIS technology, early detection and monitoring of drought and flood using remote sensing and GIS has become a reality in China. The paper summaries the status of the field including the methods and data used. It especially presents the methods and products for early detection and monitoring...
Using the Doppler radar radial velocity data simulated by Rankine combined vortex and observed by a Doppler radar and typhoon yearbooks, the applied study about the objective positioning methods of a typhoon was made. Two methods had been established. A series of simulated and actual tests were made for the two methods. The results show that the errors of the two methods in simulated tests are below...
Forest, shrub-steppe, and grassland fires have come under the inclusive terminology of wildland fire. In the past decade, fire occurrence and area of surface burned has increased dramatically. This increase in wildland fire frequency and intensity has been driven by climate variability and in some countries, worsened by fuel management policies. Many areas that have been burned are in remote areas...
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