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Public attitudes towards the military are determined by changes of predominant values in contemporary societies as well as by the nature of the military. The end of the Cold War initiated rapid and radical changes in the military organizations of European countries. Downsizing the armed forces, shifting to more flexible and modular formations, increasing force projection capabilities, introducing...
This chapter pursues long-term changes in the Danish armed forces in order to identify military influence in civil-military relations in this country. Four aspects are analyzed: force structure, defense expenditures, defense commissions, and organizational structure. The changes identified evidence an increase of military influence in all these areas. Parallel to this, we witness a lack of political...
Today, essays on political-military affairs tend to start with overall assertions on the magnitude of changes that came about as a result of the Cold War and again after 9/11. Indeed, it seems to be some kind of conventional wisdom among contemporary military sociologists that the world events during the 1990s, the wars that followed and the threat that international catastrophic terrorism poses to...
Until the end of the East-West conflict, the main task of the German Bundeswehr consisted of countering, side by side with NATO allies, any probable attack that might come from the Warsaw Pact members. Their structure and equipment corresponded exactly to this task, and also the number of soldiers depended on it. This number amounted to about 500,000 personnel since the Bundeswehr’s foundation in...
Acknowledging social problems is important to social scientists on numerous levels. According to the website of the Society for the Study of Social Problems members “are an interdisciplinary community of scholars, practitioners, advocates, and students interested in the application of critical, scientific, and humanistic perspectives to the study of vital social problems (…) involved in scholarship...
35 years ago, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu published an essay entitled Public Opinion Does not Exist (Bourdieu 1973). In this essay he claims that public opinion polls never refer to ‘the people’ they claim to represent because the kind of ‘cultural capital’ underpinning the opinion of those who are polled has already been conditioned by other societal factors which we would also have to study...
The so-called ‘war on terror’, which started after the 9/11 attacks, has had a decisive effect on Spanish defense policy. This is shown by Spain’s participation in the Afghanistan war and the contents of the so-called Strategic Review of Defense at the end of 2002, agreed by a consensus between the conservative Popular Party (PP) Government and the main opposition party, the social-democratic Spanish...
Historians of the future may wonder how much ordinary Russian citizens in the early 21st century actually knew about the Russian-American relationship or if they could reach a conclusion independently. We will bypass such discussions although we could note that a plain person would have had to select from a rich, messy mixture of media reports and ‘lucid’ explanations to find out how the relationship...
I became interested in boundaries and borders that divide states both professionally and as a citizen quite naturally. First, I was born and raised in a country from the so-called ‘socialist camp’ where state borders were ‘firmly locked’ following the Soviet pattern. My life experience was that of a Homo balkanicus having some relatives across the border, members of the family whose existence was...
The scene could be at any one of many informal gatherings in recent years. There are people standing and sitting, chatting and drinking, and conversation is flowing happily. When one of those present is asked what ‘he does’ he replies that he is in the Army. “What rank are you?” - “Lieutenant Colonel.” Waggishly, the other speaker (who has never been near the Army in his life) replies,“Oh, I must...
When I started as a research assistant at the Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences in 2003 my fellow anthropologists jokingly said that I had probably found a new ‘tribe’. And indeed, just as during my preceding ethnological field research among ethnic mountain groups in Northern Thailand, I spent my first months in the Bundeswehr projecting myself into a new culture - as an introduction into my...
The military institution is a bureaucratic and hierarchical organization made up by officers trained for the defense of the national territory. From the 1930s to the early 1980s, the Argentinean case shows that the Army’s political participation and intervention have been an essential component of political life. It can also be affirmed that far from being a pressure group exercising its power sporadically,...
In general, paying attention to the soldier, i.e. to the micro or individual level of the soldierly subject, is something that, compared to an analysis of the military and its usefulness and effectiveness as an instrument of a state’s foreign, security and defense politics, is done rather rarely. There certainly are some objective reasons for this, especially the fact that access to the object of...
After the manifestation of mass terrorism at the 9/11 attack against the United States of America and the following terrorist assaults in Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Spain, the provision of security to the 2004 Olympic Games came to be discussed in a new light. In Greece, in particular, responding to such threats became a matter of national defense. Although there was no specific intelligence...
When I joined the platoon of parachutists that had been assigned to me after being commissioned as a lieutenant and completing the necessary specialization courses, I found the non-commissioned officers (sergeants and corporals) of the platoon waiting for me in line in a dormitory on the first floor of the barracks. The sergeant presented the force to me, I asked them for their names and exchanged...
The internet is used by social scientists in a lot of ways to gather data about social phenomena; there are “Web-based questionnaires, Web experiments, observations of virtual worlds, case narrations, content analyses, and analysis of mailing lists and other log data” (Batanic/Reips/Bošnjak 2002: back cover). In order to classify the huge amount of different activities social scientists use the web...
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