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Reovirus infection has proven to be an excellent experimental system for studying mechanisms of virus-induced pathogenesis. Reoviruses induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cultured cells in vitro and in target tissues in vivo, including the heart and central nervous system. In vivo, viral infection, tissue injury, and apoptosis colocalize, suggesting that apoptosis is a critical mechanism by which...
Poliovirus (PV) is the causal agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, an acute disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in flaccid paralysis. The development of new animal and cell models has allowed the key steps of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis to be investigated at the molecular level. In particular, it has been shown that PV-induced apoptosis is an important component of the tissue...
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne, enveloped, plus-strand RNA viruses that cause a spectrum of diseases in humans that include fever, rash, arthritis, meningitis, and encephalomyelitis. Sindbis virus (SINV) is the prototype alphavirus, causes encephalomyelitis in mice, and provides a model system for studying the pathogenesis of alphavirus-induced neurological disease. Major target cells for SINV infection...
HSV triggers and blocks apoptosis in cell type-specific fashion. This review discusses present understanding of the role of apoptosis and signaling cascades in neuronal pathogenesis and survival and summarizes present findings relating to the modulation of these strictly balanced processes by HSV infection. Underscored are the findings that HSV-1, but not HSV-2, triggers apoptosis in CNS neurons and...
The baculoviruses make up a large, diverse family of DNA viruses that have evolved a number of fascinating mechanisms to manipulate their insect hosts. One of these is the ability to regulate apoptosis during infection by expressing proteins that can inhibit caspase activation and/or activity, including the caspase inhibitor P35 and its relatives, and the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Experimental...
Salmonella enterica is an important enteric pathogen of humans and a variety of domestic and wild animals. Infection is initiated in the intestinal tract, and severe disease produces widespread destruction of the intestinal mucosa. Salmonella strains can also disseminate from the intestine and produce serious, sometimes fatal infections with considerable cytopathology in a number of systemic...
Yersinia species that are pathogenic for humans (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica) induce apoptosis in macrophages. Yersinia-induced apoptosis utilizes the mitochondrial pathway and is executed by activation of caspase cascades. The mechanism of Yersinia-induced apoptosis in macrophages has two essential components. One component is the innate immune...
Entamoeba histolytica is a human intestinal parasite that causes amoebic colitis as well as liver abscesses. Host tissues are damaged through a three-step process involving adherence, contact-dependent cytolysis, and phagocytosis. These three processes all contribute to the pathogenicity of this parasite. Adherence is provided by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin. Host cells are lysed in a...
Malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are transmitted from host to host by mosquitoes. Sexual reproduction occurs in the blood meal and the resultant motile zygote, the ookinete, migrates through the midgut epithelium and transforms to an oocyst under the basal lamina. After sporogony, sporozoites are released into the mosquito haemocoel and invade the salivary gland before injection when next...
Infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii leads to lifelong persistence of the parasite in its mammalian hosts including humans. Apoptosis plays crucial roles in the interaction between the host and the parasite. This includes innate and adaptive defense mechanisms to restrict intracellular parasite replication as well as regulatory functions to modulate the host’s immune...
Rabies virus (RABV) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects neurons. RABV is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. It then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. The virions are...
Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes can result in either anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects or prostimulatory consequences through presentation of cell-associated antigens to T cells. The differences in outcome are due to the conditions under which apoptosis is induced, the type of phagocytic cell, the nature of the receptors involved in apoptotic cell capture, and the milieu in...
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