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Homing endonucleases are often grouped into four families based on distinct sequence motifs. One of these families is known as the His-Cys box homing endonucleases and contains two clusters of conserved histidine and cysteine residues over a central 100 amino acid region. At last count, 23 members of this family had been identified. The open reading frames (ORFs) of these proteins are contained within...
Homing endonucleases are a class of invasive genetic elements that use several elegant solutions to ensure their survival in natural populations. Like all successful mobile entities, homing endonucleases must either reduce the deleterious effects of insertion within essential genes of host genomes or be lost. Many homing endonuclease genes have solved this problem by colonizing self-splicing group...
Protein splicing elements, termed inteins, were first identified in 1990. Since then, post-translational protein splicing has been demonstrated and the selfcatalytic mechanism deciphered. The robust nature of these single turnover enzymes is evidenced by the expanding list of naturally occurring variations in the protein splicing mechanism. Protein splicing must be efficient and neutral, and must...
Intein protein-splicing domains are part of the Hint superfamily. This superfamily includes three other characterized families: Hog-Hint and two types of Bacterial intein-like (BIL) domains. Hint domains share the same structure fold and common sequence features, and have similar biochemical activities. They post-translationally auto-process the proteins in which they are present by protein-splicing,...
This chapter discusses the mechanism of the self-catalyzed process by which inteins promote both their own excision from a host protein and the direct linkage of the flanking host protein segments, the N- and C-exteins, by a peptide bond. The majority of inteins have a nucleophilic amino acid at their N-terminus and asparagine at their C-terminus and are linked to a C-extein with an N-terminal nucleophilic...
Our knowledge of biological systems relies increasingly on the ability of quantifying and imaging intracellular signals and events in living subjects. The development of novel methods and advances in biotechnology have provided many basic tools that allow analyses of the complex biological systems in living cells. Since the discovery of protein splicing in 1990, the elucidation of the splicing mechanism...
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