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The chapters in this book have synthesized some of the significant advances made related to patterns and processes of marine invasions. In so doing, they have also highlighted areas in which we need to learn more about the causes, consequences, and management of invasions. Below, we emphasize some specific points to consider as the field of marine invasion biology matures. For this, we draw upon specific...
In this section, geographic perspectives of invasions from coastal waters around the world are presented. These include invasion assessments from Africa (Chap. 23, Griffiths and Robinson), Australasia (Chap. 24, Hayden et al.; Chap. 25, Sliwa et al.), South America (Chap. 26, Castilla and Neill; Chap. 27, Ferreira et al.), the eastern United States (Chap. 28, Fofonoff et al.), Europe (Chap. 29, Gollasch...
No geographcally or taxonomically comprehensive census of marine alien species has ever been undertaken in South Africa and the state of knowledge of the taxonomy of many marine invertebrate groups remains poor in this region (Gibbons 1999), compromising the ability to detect introduced species. Given these constraints, 22 confirmed extant marine aliens, plus 18 cryptogenic species, have been recorded...
New Zealand's recent ecological history is often held up as a textbook example of the havoc that can be wrought by non-native species (Clout and Lowe 2000). The first human inhabitants of New Zealand arrived (by boat) just 800 years ago, and brought with them food crops and dogs. They arrived in a country where, already, many elements of the endemic fauna were in serious decline; an apparent legacy...
Australia has been a regular port of call for ocean going vessels since the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the first records of non-native species followed soon after (Table 25.1). However, it has taken over one hundred years and several prominent invasions by demonstrably harmful species, for marine invasions to attract significant management attention (Thresher 1999; Ferguson 2000; Bax...
Knowledge of the status of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) in temperate southeastern Pacific countries (Chile and Peru) is incipient. Nevertheless, at least in Chile, the problem has recently been addressed by taxonomists and ecologists (e.g. Baez et al. 1998; Gajardo and Laikre 2003; Castilla et al. 2005; Camus 2005). While numerous NIS have been intentionally introduced for aquaculture purposes...
The Brazilian coast extends for about 8000 km from Cape Orange (4°N) to Chui (34°S) (Fig. 27.1). This long coastline comprises a variety of ecosystems under the influence of oligotrophic waters transported by two western boundary currents, the Brazil and North Brazil currents (Stramma and England 1999), together with continental influences related to a wide spectrum of river inputs, the largest of...
Biological invasions are prevalent in marine ecosystems throughout the world. Several studies demonstrate that the number and abundance of non-native species have increased dramatically in recent time (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Cranfield et al. 1998; Reise et al. 1999; Ruiz et al. 2000a; Hewitt et al. 2004). Although the impact of many non-native populations remains unexplored, it is also evident that...
Introduced aquatic species have received more attention in north-western Europe following the summaries from the German North Sea coast (Gollasch 1996; Nehring and Leuchs 1999), Britain (and Ireland) (Eno et al. 1997; Minchin and Eno 2002), Norway (Hopkins 2002) and a more general account for the North Sea (Reise et al. 1999). Since then, several inventories have appeared: for the German coast (Nehring...
The brackish-water seas of Europe, i.e. the Black (including the Sea of Azov), Caspian and Baltic Seas, can be regarded as “brackish-water islands”, locked in by land masses and isolated from other major brackish-water bodies by physical (ocean and land) barriers. During the last two centuries, more than 300 alien species have been recorded in the four seas. Introduced species have contributed to...
The Mediterranean Sea is in many ways a unique body of water. It is small, but deep compared to other bodies of water of its size, and for its size (0.82 % in surface area of the world oceans and 0.32 % in volume) it encompasses an impressive variety of ecosystems. From a biodiversity perspective, it can be considered relatively rich in species. Bianchi and Morri (2000) estimate that more than 8500...
Although the Asian coast of the Pacific Ocean is known to be a source of invaders to many other parts of the world, such as Australia and North America, there has been relatively little work on invasions into this region. However, a picture of invasions to Asia is beginning to emerge. For example, over 40 invasive marine species have been recognized in Japan (Otani 2004, 2006) — a number which certainly...
Invasions by alien species have been reported from every marine habitat where surveys have been conducted for them. Conspicuous examples from around the globe include the brown alga Sargassum mangarevense in tropical coral reef sys tems (Andréfouët et al. 2004), the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis along temperate rocky shores (Steffani and Branch 2003), and the reef-building polychaete, Ficopomatus enigmaticus...
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