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In the last 20 years of the 20th century, amazing developments were accomplished in photonics technology, such as optical communications, optical data storage, short-pulse laser technology, and so on. In particular, the progress in the technologies related to semiconductor lasers and optical fibers is noteworthy. One of the keywords common to these technologies is “near infrared (NIR) light.” The...
By definition, ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than 20000 cycles per second; that is, the sound is above the audible range. The principal advantages of high-frequency sound or ultrasound as a medical diagnostic tool are: 1) ultrasound can be directed in a beam, 2) it obeys the laws of reflection and refraction, and 3) it is reflected by objects of small size. The principal disadvantage...
The purpose of this section is to provide information about magnetic field measurement, especially of very weak magnetic signals, and about the analysis of the source of the measured signal. It is not our intention to provide full information on magneticism and the related area, which is too wide and beyond our capability. To realize the purpose, limited discussions will be provided on topics from...
Biosensors are devices that combine the advantages of the specificity and sensitivity of biological systems with the rapid and quantitative transducing of the response of electrochemical or other instruments [1–3]. Biosensors generally require three elements, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
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