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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants of the human environment, and some PAHs are relatively potent carcinogens. This chapter reviews the chemistry of the PAHs and their heterocyclic analogs and surveys their most important types of reactions from the viewpoint of their potential environmental significance. PAHs in the environment are subject to various chemical and photochemical...
An account is given of procedures used for the extraction and concentration of PAHs from environmental samples and includes comments on Soxhlet, ultrasonic, microwave assisted, supercritical fluid, accelerated solvent, and solid phase extraction procedures. Attention is directed to the advantages and disadvantages of these and details of their application to a wide variety of environmental samples...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a class of compounds that are known to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. As a result, PAHs are frequently measured in environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, freshwater and marine surface waters and sediments, and in biological tissues and terrestrial matrices such as oyster tissue, soils, and vegetation. Measurements often...
PAHs are primarily emitted by anthropogenic activities, and although some natural and secondary sources of these contaminants are discussed, the focus of this chapter is the major primary sources to the atmosphere. We examine the thermal reactions involved in the release of PAHs, and include details of some important non-combustion sources. Section 4.2.5 looks at the study of substituted derivatives...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of environmental concern have been described with regards to their origins. The anthropogenic PAHs from primarily combustion are the major sources, however, PAHs from biomass combustion and other natural processes are also important and consist of aromatic biomarkers (i.e., biomarker PAHs). The sources and fate of these PAHs derived from natural products are...
An overview is presented of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing three or more fused rings that are not the products of thermal reactions during combustion of fossil fuels, but are early diagenic products of higher plant and prokaryotic precursors such as terpenoids, hopanoids and steroids. An attempt is made to summarize the major groups of aromatized compounds that have been isolated from...
The occurrence of azaarenes and thiaarenes in coal and petroleum, and in products derived from them by pyrolysis and distillation, is reviewed, including their presence in the environment from accidental spillage and leakage from transport and process plant, in soil and water from abandoned process site, in products from biomass treatment, and in air from combustion, in food from grilling and in sewage...
A review is presented of the physical chemical properties of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including a discussion of how these properties relate to environmental partition coefficients, for example between air and water, and by sorption from water to solid media such as soils. Complete physical chemical data are given for 15 selected PAHs to illustrate the wide range in properties and...
The effect of phase distribution on the atmospheric fates of the PAHs, the important atmospheric loss processes, and the resulting atmospheric lifetimes of the PAHs are discussed. Gasphase PAH reactions are emphasized because it is these reactions which control the in-situ formation of nitroarenes in ambient atmospheres. Results from laboratory studies of PAH reactions and data on ambient nitroarene...
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