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Organic reactions using water as solvent are reviewed with a focus on pericyclic reactions, carbonyl additions, stoichiometric organometallic reactions, oxidations and reductions which show an unusual outcome in terms of reactivity and selectivity compared with those performed in organic solvent. The advantages of using water as a solvent are discussed and related to the hydrophobic effects and the...
Organometallic catalysis in aqueous systems is now a very active field or research, both from an academic and an industrial point of view. The use of transition-metal catalysts in water or in a two-phase system offers the same advantages as in a usual organic medium. However they simplify the separation of the catalyst from the products, eventually for its recycling, and this is very important for...
Although perfluorinated hydrocarbons are well known, they have only recently found application in organic chemistry as a useful class of solvents. Their physical properties make them unique for their use as reaction media. Since perfluorocarbons are immiscible with many common organic solvents, they are suitable for the formation of biphasic systems. This overview describes the utilization of perfluorocarbons...
Benzotrifluoride (BTF, trifluoromethylbenzene, α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, C6H5CF3) and related compounds are introduced as new solvents for traditional organic synthesis and for fluorous synthesis. BTF is more environmentally friendly than many other organic solvents and is available in large quantities. BTF is relatively inert and is suitable for use as a solvent for a wide range of chemistry including...
The present contribution highlights recent developments in the application of compressed (liquid or supercritical) carbon dioxide as a solvent for chemical reactions. After a brief introduction to the basic physical properties of scCO2, some practical aspects of the use of compressed gases are discussed. A survey of successful applications of compressed and particularly supercritical CO2 in organic...
Water can be used very advantageously as the solvent in homogeneous catalytic reactions and thus gives rise to a specific class of aqueous biphasic reactions among two-phase reactions. This new use of water has two very positive consequences: an advantageous effect on the selectivity of the homogeneous catalytic reactions and the opportunity, for the first time, to “immobilize” the homogeneous catalyst...
For reasons of economy and pollution, solvent-free methods are of great interest in order to modernize classical procedures making them more clean, safe and easy to perform. Reactions on solid mineral supports, reactions without any solvent/support or catalyst, and solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis can be thus employed with noticeable increases in reactivity and selectivity. A comprehensive review...
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