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Complex Sport Biodynamics (CSB, for short) is a newkindofsportscience, the Know − Howtomakesportchampions. CSB combines the essential principles of complex systems dynamics [II06b,B-Y97], biomechanics, [II05], biodynamics and sports physiology [II06a,Mar98,GM88], chaos theory [II07a], neurophysiology [II07b] and...
More then three centuries ago, more precisely in 1686, Sir Isaac Newton, one of the foundation–stones of human thought (see [AM78]), in his famous book ‘Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’, stated the metaphysical and physical basis of modern sciences, including CSB (in spite of the influences of modern physics). Methodology of all sciences tries to solve two main problems: explanation...
The essential CSB object, mapping, corresponds to unilateral logical operation implication (i.e., If–Then conditional), while the bilateral implication represents logical equivalence (i.e., biconditional, or bilateral equality). By introducing the time factor into the logical implication we obtain the Newtonian causal (i.e., cause and effect) process in which the effect necessarily follows the cause...
HistorySeveral attempts have been made in both biomechanical and robotic literature to create a general mechanical model/theory of human motion [Iva91]. The earliest systematic study of human and animal motion principles appears to be due to Muybridge [Muy99], who in 1877 invented a type of motion–picture camera which was used to obtain the first photographic record of the successive phases of a number...
Linear CSBGeneralizing the basic CSB-system, with one input and one output (Figure 3.1), and including the principleofsuperposition for the system inputs and outputs, we come to the R.E. Kalman’s [Kal60] modular concept of linear multivariable system (Figure 5.1) $$ \dot{x}=Ax+Bu,\qquad y=Cx,\qquad u=Dy $$ with the space of input signals (stimuli, excitations) U = {u}, state space...
Biomechanical ChaosThe so–called deterministic chaos represents irregular and unpredictable time evolution of many simple nonlinear deterministic systems [GOY87, II07a], like a single–joint musculo–skeletal movement. Its central characteristics is that the system does not repeat its past behavior (even approximately). If we now the forcing amplitude A and the frequency w of a muscle–actuator, as well...
CSB-Energy FlowsHuman energy production spans the range of human movements from those requiring large bursts of energy over short periods of time (as in sprint running) – to those activities requiring small but sustained energy production (as in marathon running). Even within the same activity, the energy requirements change from one moment to the next [Mar98, GM88].
IntroductionArtificial neural networks (ANNs, see [Hay94, Kos92]) are models of the brain’s cognitive process. In contrast with conventional single-processor computers, the brain has a multiprocessor architecture that is highly inter- connected. This architecture has been described as parallel distributed processing (PDP). PDP has many advantages over single-processor models for many difficult computer...
If you watched a Grand Slam tennis final in last 3–4 years, you would see that at least one half of the abilities of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, world number 1 and 2 players, is intelligence. In complex sport games, like tennis, intelligence is simply a dominant quality of a champion. That is the reason for this Chapter.
CSB-AgentsRecall that the agent theory concerns the definition of the so–called belief–desire–intention agents (BDI–agents, for short), as well as multi–agent systems, properties, architectures, communication, cooperation and coordination capabilities (see [RG98, II07b]). A common definition of an agent reads: An agent is a computer system that is situated in some environment, and that is capable...
IntroductionAccording to the classical electro–physiological research of human psychodynamics, in a grown–up man in a state of rest with eyes closed and free thought–flow, the most expressible EEG–component is the ‘α− rhythm’ – quite uniform wave pattern of amplitude about 50nV (registered from the surface of the skull in the parieto–occipital region) and frequency of 7 − 14Hz. In a totally awakened...
IntroductionAs the tennis game of today becomes increasingly involved with modern technology, the way that it is played changes rapidly. Modern tennis is more active than the game that was played a few decades ago, both physically and mentally. Innovative technology has revolutionized tennis into an extremely fast and dynamically efficient sport. Almost every point begins with an extremely fast serve...
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