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Evidence has expanded extensively in the past two decades on the association between body mass index (BMI) and other measures of body composition and weight gain with many cancers. Evidence is convincing for obesity as a risk factor for cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, kidney, and thyroid and as probable for cancer of the gallbladder. Although...
Overweight and obesity continue to be major public health concerns in the United States and increasingly, throughout the world [1]. Obesity is the nation’s fastest rising public health problem and has become the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States, second only to tobacco use [1]. Obesity rates among US adults increased by more than 75% between 1991 and 2006, and rates doubled...
Obesity has emerged as a major public health challenge for both developed and developing countries. Like more developed countries where obesity represents an increasingly important risk factor for many cancers [1, 2], numerous studies conducted in Asian countries suggest that long-term positive energy balance that leads to elevated adiposity also contributes to the development of many chronic diseases,...
To understand the genetic epidemiology of obesity and cancer means to consider the genetics of not only these two complex diseases but also the many risk factors associated with them and the molecular mechanisms likely to contribute to their underlying etiology. It is therefore the purpose of this chapter to highlight the following: genetic mapping studies that have been done to isolate genes related...
This chapter provides an overview of the putative pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the positive association between obesity and various cancers. After presenting each of the major factors and pathways involved in obesity-related carcinogenesis and their potential synergisms from a physiological, epidemiological and mechanistic perspective, we conclude with a discussion of the therapeutic opportunities...
In various animal models, caloric restriction is the most effective and reproducible intervention to extend life span and to reduce risks of aging-related chronic diseases, particularly cancer. Findings from human studies based on ecologic comparisons, the Norwegian famine during World War II, and patients with anorexia nervosa suggest that caloric restriction reduces cancer risk, especially the risk...
This chapter provides a synopsis of conclusions from existing epidemiologic literature on the association between physical activity and cancer risk and considers potential biological mechanisms underlying observed associations. Understanding the relationships between physical activity and risk of cancer will offer clues to the etiologic underpinnings of cancer development that should have important...
An increasing number of men and women are being diagnosed with cancer and many cancer survivors are seeking lifestyle-based approaches to improve survival. Physical activity and diet are modifiable behaviors with a multitude of health benefits, and an increasing number of publications have shown a strong relationship between physical activity, diet, weight, and cancer survival. The purpose of this...
There are arguably only three lifestyle behaviors that are imperative for survival. We can, for instance, survive without working, reading, listening to music, writing, traveling, or driving a car. However, humans (and animals) have to eat, move, and sleep in order to maintain life. All three of these behaviors have been linked to obesity as well as cancer. Thus, not only do obesity and cancer share...
This chapter concerns the analysis of geographic and contextual effects on health behaviors related to energy balance, such as diet, weight, and physical activity. We adopt a broad definition of the environment to include not just ambient exposures to toxins, meteorological conditions, or other traditional foci of environmental sciences but also the built, economic, social, and policy aspects of the...
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