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The skeleton serves as a structural support system. It has mechanisms to grow and change in shape and size to suit varying mechanical forces. It is involved in the calcium/phosphate balance and in the detoxification of heavy metals. Bone tissue is continuously formed and remodeled throughout life. This is necessary since otherwise it would cross its tolerance limit after the repetitive stress and...
The pathology and pathophysiology of bone healing is important from several aspects. For the surgical pathologist, it is critical to be able to distinguish normal fracture healing in bone from disordered healing and from bone neoplasms. For the orthopedic surgeon and the scientific investigator, the histologic appearances of healing allow a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the process. This...
Arthropathies, by definition, are joint-centered processes. If the bone surface on only one side of the joint is affected, the disease process is unlikely to be a primary arthropathy. Hyaline cartilage that lines the articular bone along the joint surface is critical for proper function of the joint. Its loss is a common finding in most arthropathies, whether productive or inflammatory in nature....
Osteomyelitis, or infection in bone, has a wide variety of radiologic and histologic features. Early acute osteomyelitis may present as an aggressive lytic lesion. Chronic osteomyelitis produces extensive reactive change. Microorganisms find their way into bone by two mechanisms, via the bloodstream or via direct invasion. When bone is infected via the bloodstream, a syndrome known as hematogenous osteomyelitis...
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders caused by alterations in the chemical milieu of the body. In almost all cases, the end result is decreased skeletal mass. This is known as osteopenia or, in its more pronounced form, osteoporosis. Severe osteoporosis can lead to structural failure of the skeleton. This concept of organ failure is just as valid in the skeletal system as it is in the...
Malignant bone tumors are rare. The lack of familiarity on a day to day basis and the need to utilize clinical and imaging information in their diagnosis and management creates a feeling of difficulty in the team involved with their management including pathologists, radiologists and surgeons. The following discussion lists the most important lesions and their salient radiological and pathological...
Most soft-tissue tumors are benign, of which the majority are lipomas. Malignant sarcomas account for about 1% of all malignant tumors. Most sarcomas arise in the deep soft-tissues of the extremities, the incidence increasing with age. With current treatment, about one third of patients die of their disease, largely because of lung metastases. Currently, most authors recognize the categories of benign,...
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