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How to draw a graph? And more importantly, how to draw it nicely? As a formal approach to this problem we propose graph embeddings. A graph embedding is a mapping from a guest graph into a host graph. Graph embeddings are very rich in their descriptive capabilities. These should suffice to capture all instances from real applications in an appropriate way. Graph embeddings offer various parameters...
Practical experience with several systems that heavily rely on the visualization paradigm has shown that visualization alone is not enough. The sheer existence of powerful visualization tools does not guarantee a successful human-computer-communication. Most visualization tools existing today lack semantic qualities in the communication process; they are not implemented in other than graphics terms...
Advice presented to the user of a dialog system should be in a form which is adapted to the domain of discourse. In some domains, pictures can be used very effectively to convey information in a way which is easy to understand. Thus if a dialog system is to provide effective advice, it must be able to present information in a pictorial manner. We propose that pictorial representations of knowledge...
The ZOO system demonstrates that it is possible to design a graphical language for representing both simple and conceptual objects of an application domain. The usage of icons makes this language easy to understand. Many people are already using graphic diagrams for the specification of technical systems. A ZOO diagram is more than a specification, it is a piece of executable software ready to run...
One of the many difficult problems in the development of intelligent computer aided instruction (ICAI) is the appropriate design of instructions and helps. This paper addresses the question of optimizing instructional and help material concerning the operational knowledge for the visual, functional programming language ABSYNT (ABstract SYNtax Trees). The ultimate goal of the project is to build a...
This paper is concerned with the ability to provide the user of Prolog with a visual understanding of the language and its use. A graphical display is used to do this, based on the original ‘box’ model. The ideas presented here were initially derived from existing designs of Prolog database representations, but they are then linked in a real-time teaching and debugging environment. An introduction...
Steppers are important tools for debugging complex computer programs. The functionality of a stepper can be described as follows: before executing each program statement the user may inspect the statement in question and control the style of the evaluation to be performed. — This paper describes a stepper for the object-oriented programming language ObjTalk. During the development of this tool, special...
Programming large object oriented systems is a difficult task. With the help of specific programming tools integrated in a uniform programming environment, this task can be facilitated. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a programming environment for the programming language ObjTalk [Rathke, C. 86], an object oriented extension to the programming language LISP. Special attention...
In this paper we address the question, how to design a DSS-generator, such that the effort for building a specific DSS is small but at the same time the user-interface reflects the individual semantic structuring of the scope of actions. A conceptual answer to the question raised above is proposed in the rest of the paper. Through the a-priori specification of a context underlying a DSS-generator...
The current tendency on the part of software designers to place more and more information onto the computer screen is resulting in an increased burden on end-users' physiological capabilities and cognitive resources. Users must constantly survey a large amount of data, resulting in a considerable strain on their eyes. Furthermore, the work on their primary task is often seriously disrupted when direct...
Teaching a computer application for non-computer specialist requires a general strategy, starting with the analysis of the user's virtual machine, along with the definition of the conceptual model of the user interface. From this definition to a useful set of metaphors, knowledge of relevant user variables and analysis of the task domain is required. Well chosen metaphors will help novices to grasp...
Human factors work in the areas of database use addresses the design of the user interface of interactive database applications as well as the design of the on-line interface of the database system itself. Some conceptual prerequisites of using direct manipulation in an on-line database interface are discussed. It will be shown that choosing an adequate data model is vital in investigating the application...
For many interactive systems, and in particular designs influenced by the direct manipulation style of interaction, the user's ability to have immediate visual and manipulative access to all data is limited by the physical constraints of the display. A significant design concern therefore is the development of appropriate user models and complementary system models to support understanding of commands...
Using the principles, methods, tools and processes of software-engineering, the development of software products becomes a standard technical procedure, with the aim of minimizing cost and time. From the view point of software-ergonomics the aids and resources of software-engineering are insufficient because there are neither methods nor tools relating the behaviour of the programs to that of the...
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