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Phagocytosis is the process whereby cells engulf large particles. Phagocytosis is triggered by the interaction of opsonins covering the surface of a phagocytic target with specific phagocyte receptors. In multicellular organisms phagocytosis participates in tissue remodeling and contributes to homeostasis. Higher organisms possess various phagocytic systems. Each system is composed of a series of...
Phagocytosis is an phylogenetically conserved mechanism utilized by many cells to ingest microbial pathogens and apoptotic or necrotic corpses. Recent studies have demonstrated that phagocytosis serves to initiate immunity mediated by both Class I and Class II MHC. Depending on the identity of the specific phagocytic receptor involved, phagocytosis can either enhance or suppress inflammation. Dysregulation...
Antigen recognition by cells of the immune system occurs via many mechanisms. One important family of receptors involved in the recognition of immunoglobulin (Ig) coated particles and complexes are Fc receptors. Fc receptors recognize the Fc portion of Ig and are accordingly grouped into subfamilies. They are named depending upon which class of Ig they bind. The major Fc receptors are Fcã receptors...
Conclusion Complement is a major opsonin in blood and in extracellular fluids that is a major mechanism for recognition and destruction of potential pathogen invaders. An important part of complement’s role in this process is the recognition by phagocytes of complement components, particularly C3, bound to the surfaces of these dangerous organisms. Of the C3 receptors on the phagocytes, the two in...
Regulation of the phagocytic process involves complex signaling pathways that lead to particle internalization and destruction. Phagocytosis, however, is not a cellular response occurring as an isolated event. Phagocytic signaling involves the regulation of many phagocytosis-associated cell responses that are important for host defense and for the resolution of the inflammatory process. In addition,...
Phagocytosis is a conserved cellular process in Eukaryotes. A multi-step process, it involves the recognition of paniculate material, e.g., microbes and apoptotic cells, their F-actin-driven engulfment and the subsequent destruction of the phagocytized material in phagolysosomes. Distinct sets of small GTP-binding proteins (Rap1, Arf6, Rho and Rab proteins) control and coordinate the successive steps...
Phagocytosis of immune-complexes is a dynamic process that is accompanied by the generation of inflammatory/tissue damaging products. Recent advances in the field indicate that this process is subject to regulation by inhibitory Fcγ receptors and intracellular phosphatases, including the inositol phosphatases SHIP-1, SHIP-2 and PTEN, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. This chapter will describe...
Phagocytosis is important for a wide diversity of organisms. From simple unicellular organisms that use phagocytosis to eat, to complex metazoans in which phagocytic cells represent an essential branch of the immune system. Evolution has armed cells with a fantastic repertoire of molecules that serve to bring about this complex event regardless of the organism or specific molecules concerned. However,...
Phagocytosis is the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf and ingest foreign particles. In lower eukaryotes this process is mainly used for food uptake while in multicellular organisms phagocytosis is the primary mechanism used to fight infection. Phagocytosis of microbes typically leads to their killing as the organelle of ingestion, the phagosome, acquires anti-microbial properties through...
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