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The fascination for lanthanide optical spectroscopy dates back to the 1880s when renowned scientists such as Sir William Crookes, LeCoq de Boisbaudran, Eugène Demarçay or, later, Georges Urbain were using luminescence as an analytical tool to test the purity of their crystallizations and to identify potential new elements. The richness and complexity of lanthanide optical spectra are reflected in...
This review is focused on the lanthanide probes usable for time-resolved luminescence resonance energy transfer experiment and in the development of bioassays. The basic principle of heterogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) assays and homogeneous TRF assays are summarized. The criteria that should fulfill a lanthanide luminescent probe to be useful in the design of bioassays in diagnostic or...
Luminescent lanthanide nanoparticles provide a combination of high luminescence intensity, long luminescence lifetime, sharp emission peaks with narrow bandwidth, and a large Stokes’ shift, leading to a high-performance reporter technology for bioanalytical assays. The high specific activity of luminescent lanthanide nanoparticles enables improved assay sensitivities compared to the conventional fluorescent...
Upconverting nanoparticles have attracted a large amount of interest, primarily due to their attractive potential applications in bioimaging and therapy. This chapter reviews different methods of synthesis for the preparation of upconverting nanoparticles, covering the theory of nucleation and growth, as well as a wide range of methods, for example, arrested precipitation, hot injection, microemulsion...
The use of near-infrared (NIR) light in bioanalytical detection and biological imaging presents certain advantages over UV–visible light in terms of penetration depth, reduction of background signals and decreased phototoxicity. Under suitable conditions, complexes of ytterbium(III)-, neodymium(III)- and erbium (III)-containing organic chromophores may display relatively bright NIR luminescence upon...
In this chapter, we discuss how luminescent lanthanides can be incorporated into complex architectures, and use the systems described to illustrate key aspects of the behaviour of lanthanide containing assemblies in the solid state and in solution.
A tutorial introduction to the spectra of lanthanide ions is given. The chapter begins with a brief comparison of luminescence of lanthanide ions (Ln3+) in the solid, liquid, and gas phases. Then a description of the importance of nonradiative versus radiative processes is made. The various types of transition of lanthanide ions encountered are then introduced: 4fN–4fN; 4fN–4fN−15d; charge transfer;...
Luminescent lanthanide complexes (LLCs) are versatile probes for the determination of a variety of analytes such as metal ions, anions, hydrogen peroxide, ATP, pH, or oxygen. Antenna chromophores have been introduced as ligands for sensitizing lanthanide emission. The ligand system or the lanthanide ion can act as receptors for reversible binding of analytes. Thus, the response of luminescence emission...
The unique properties of lanthanides as analytical luminophores may only be efficiently exploited when the measuring instrument has been especially designed for this particular purpose. Nowadays, many commercial plate fluorometers can be equipped for time-resolved measurements. However, not all of them perform to the limits of the luminophores: time-gating alone does not constitute an optimally sensitive...
In the frequency-domain measurements of luminescence, the excitation intensity is modulated sinusoidally and the emission detected using a phase-sensitive amplifier. The present availability of conveniently modulatable light sources, such as light-emitting diodes and diode lasers, and relatively inexpensive lock-in amplifiers makes this technique well suited for the determination of lanthanide luminescence...
Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy (TRFM) of objects stained with luminescent lanthanides chelate-based reagents requires adaptation of microscope equipment to distinguish the long-lived fluorescence of the lanthanide from scattered excitation light and relatively short-lived autofluorescence of biological objects and optical components. How this is accomplished depends on the choice of image scanning,...
The development of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TRFIAs) was driven by the need to eliminate the use of radioactive isotopes in immunoassays and to develop automatic and ultrasensitive immunoassays. The use of time-resolved fluorescence became possible through the development of chelates that bound lanthanides with high affinity and could be coupled to proteins. This was combined with methods...
Electrogenerated luminescence of lanthanides is reviewed with emphasis on the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of lanthanide chelates. Main application area of lanthanide chelates in this field is their use as electrochemiluminescent labels in bioaffinity assays such as in immunoassays or DNA probe assays. With lanthanide chelates as labels, hot electron-induced ECL at thin insulating film-coated cathodes...
Luminescent lanthanides are well-suited and widely applied markers for bioaffinity assays, both separation-based heterogeneous assays, such as immunoassays, as well as for homogeneous assays, such as assays based on energy transfer. Their properties allow efficient combination of spectral and temporal resolution to gain good sensitivity, perfect discrimination of produced sensitized signal, and robust...
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