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In the last decade, molecular understandings of boron transport and boron function in plants have greatly advanced. Crosslinking of pectic polysaccharide rhamonogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron was shown to be essential for normal plant growth. Two types of boron (B) transport molecules, BORs and NIPs, localized to plasma membrane were identified from Arabidopsis thaliana. BOR1 was identified as...
Calcium (Ca2+) represents very likely the most versatile ion in living organisms. It is involved in nearly all aspects of plant development and participates in a plethora of regulatory processes. Calcium is an important signaling compound, regulates cellular metabolism and is important for endocytosis and exocytosis. Calcium can easily form complexes with proteins, membranes and other organic acids...
The transition metal, copper (Cu), is an essential micronutrient for normal plant growth and development. Copper is a cofactor of proteins involved in photosynthesis, respiration, ethylene perception, removal of superoxide radicals, and cell wall modification. The biochemical reactions catalyzed by most Cu enzymes in plants are known. However, in many cases we are not yet sure about the biological...
Fe deficiency commonly limits plant growth and crop yields. If the mechanisms of Fe uptake, distribution, and regulation were clearly understood, it might be feasible to engineer plants better able to grow in soils now considered marginal and to increase crop biomass in soils now in cultivation. Furthermore, plants that serve as better sources of this essential element would improve human nutrition...
Manganese (Mn) is an essential heavy metal micronutrient in plants having a range of cellular functions. Mn homeostasis involves the coordinated operation of transporters mediating cellular import and export and distribution between cell organelles. Significant progress has been made in identifying transport mechanisms in plants responsible for Mn uptake from the soil, distribution around the plant...
The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is essential for (nearly) all biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing diverse key reactions in the global carbon, sulfur,and nitrogen metabolism. The metal itself is biologically inactive unless it is complexed by a special cofactor. With the exception of bacterial nitrogenase, where Mo is a constituent of the FeMo-cofactor, Mo is bound to...
This chapter summarizes major aspects of N-nutrition in plants. N distribution within a plant varies widely according to the organ, the development stage, and mostly to the environmental conditions. Within the cell, the different N forms are stored in different compartments and the pool sizes are controlled in contrasting manner. Plants can take up nitrate, ammonium, urea, and other organic N forms...
Low phosphorus (P) availability is considered a major constraint for plant growth and crop productivity; therefore, the ability of plant roots to acquire P from soil and the mechanisms that regulate phosphorous homeostasis in the plant are topics of great interest. Low P availability elicits a Pi-starvation response that includes morphological, metabolic, and physiological changes oriented to increase...
Potassium (K) is the most abundant inorganic cation in plants. It is required for the activation of many enzymes, as a cellular osmoticum for rapidly expanding cells, and as a counter cation for anion accumulation and electrogenic transport processes. This chapter describes (1) the symptoms of potassium deficiency and the acclimatory responses of plants to potassium starvation, (2) the mechanisms...
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for many organisms, but also toxic at higher levels. While certain algae require Se to make selenoproteins, no such requirement has been shown for higher plants. Still, plants readily take up and assimilate Se using sulfur (S) transporters and biochemical pathways, and can also volatilize methylated Se. Some plants can even hyperaccumulate Se to levels around...
Sulfur is one of the most versatile elements in life. It functions in fundamental processes such as electron transport, structure, and regulation. In plants, additional roles have developed with respect to photosynthetic oxygen production, abiotic and biotic stress resistance and secondary metabolism. Sulfate uptake, reductive assimilation, and integration into cysteine and methionine are the central...
During evolution, zinc was recruited for a wide range of biochemical functions in cells. About 8% of the proteins in a plant are Zn-binding. Among them are members of all six enzyme classes and myriad regulatory proteins. Zn is required in all cellular compartments. High affinity of Zn(II) to various functional groups requires a multitude of transport and chelation processes to ensure trafficking...
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