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Adult neurogenesis in the brain of teleost fish has been studied since the 1960s. These investigations have demonstrated mitotic activity in dozens of brain areas and relative rates of cell proliferation 10–100 times higher than in the adult mammalian brain. The source of the new cells are stem cells in distinct proliferation zones, which give rise to both neurons and glial cells. Depending on the...
Adult neurogenesis in reptiles is a well-documented phenomenon and exists in many telencephalic areas. The newly generated neurons originate along the walls of the lateral ventricles, mainly in the sulci. The putative neural progenitors are radial glial cells. These glial cells give rise to neuroblasts that migrate to their final destination. In general, the new neurons are born in the portion of...
Adult neurogenesis is now a very popular phenomenon in neuroscience. It is widely accepted that neurons continue to be generated in special regions of the adult brain such as the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate granule cell layer. Adult neurogenesis, however, is not a special type of neurogenesis that occurs only in the adult stage, but is a...
New neurons are generated from neural stem cells through the neuronal progenitor cell stage at the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation throughout life, and contribute to higher cognitive function, such as learning and memory. Physiological conditions, such as voluntary exercise or enriched environment, or pathophysiological conditions, such as stroke or epilepsy, upregulate the generation of...
The hippocampus is one of the regions where continuous addition of new neurons occurs in adult mammalian brains. In this review, we describe the process of integration of newborn neurons into the neural circuitry of the hippocampus in adult rodents and discuss how hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by the neural network activity. We further address the functional implications of adult hippocampal...
Laboratory research on adult neurogenesis is proceeding at a tremendous pace and contributing important details about the mechanism of cell development and function. A novel approach in the ultimate understanding of the functional role of young neurons and their value for species survival involves studies on natural populations of animals. Ecologically based research has already contributed to the...
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is tightly linked to hippocampal function. This chapter covers the regulation of adult neurogenesis in response to either a relatively broad cognitive stimulus, an environmental enrichment, or specific learning situations. In contrast to more general behavioral stimuli, exemplified by voluntary wheel running, which induce precursor cell proliferation, such cognitive...
The adult mammalian brain is perhaps the most complex biological system under scientific study. Yet for all of its complexity, the brain develops from a simple epithelium. Throughout development, most neurons and macroglia are derived from embryonic neural stem cells that remain part of this neuroepithelium lining the brain ventricles. However, it is thought that neural stem cells in the adult brain,...
Adult neurogenesis is a feature that is phylogenetically highly conserved, yet most of the current knowledge in this field is based on laboratory rodents. In addition to the differences among vertebrates, remarkable peculiarities are also emerging in the location and structural and functional features of neurogenic systems in mammals. Although the orders Lagomorpha and Rodentia are quite similar,...
Neuronal migration is an important process in brain development and homeostasis. It is not only a phenomenon of embryogenesis: it also occurs in the adult brain, following adult neurogenesis. In fact, throughout life, numerous new neurons generated in the adult subventricular zone take the long journey to the olfactory bulb. The adult-born neurons form chain-like aggregates and migrate inside glial...
In rodents, the olfactory bulb is located at the rostral end of the brain, where it forms part of the telencephalon. The olfactory bulb first develops in the midembryonic period as an evagination from the rostral tip of the telencephalon (Hinds, 1968b). Mitral and tufted cells, the bulbar excitatory projection neurons, are produced during the mid- to late embryonic period (Hinds, 1968a; Bayer, 1983),...
The brain derives much of its function from its ability to adapt to tasks on a wide range of time scales, from milliseconds to days, weeks, and months. This adaptability at multiple time scales is found across all brain areas, from cognitive areas all the way to the peripheral areas, in which sensory information is encoded so as to facilitate the subsequent extraction of relevant information. The...
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