The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
This chapter discusses the normal structure and function of the skeleton and the various ways it is regulated. The skeleton is both an organ and a type of connective tissue. Knowledge of its various identifiable parts greatly facilitates an understanding of skeletal function and also the disease processes that can occur. Normally, the major skeletal processes of resorption and formation are tightly...
This chapter begins with a brief introduction to bone metabolism. The main focus is discussing generalized diminished bone density (GDBD), but examples of generalized increased bone density are also briefly presented. Since various causes of GDBD are not considered in the WHO definitions, a radiologic classification based on pathophysiology of GDBD will follow, complementing the WHO definitions and...
Diagnostic imaging has two major roles in the management of the patients with endocrine dysfunction: (1) Localization of the abnormal endocrine gland and demonstration of the nature and extent of abnormality. (2) Visualizing the radiological musculoskeletal abnormalities in target organs. Localization of the abnormal endocrine gland and demonstration of the nature and extent...
The blood circulation of bone may be affected by a variety of insults, involving the arterial, capillary, sinusoidal or venous networks. Blood flow impedance may be due to mechanisms such as intraluminal obstruction, vascular compression or physical disruption of the vessel. In circulatory diseases of bone, imaging aims to demonstrate the reparative host response. Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a lesion...
Trauma is a common and major cause of musculoskeletal pathology.The entire musculoskeletal system is subject to trauma from minor muscle strains to full-scale fractures and dislocations.In this chapter, we present the principles and approach to imaging trauma including fractures; dislocations; ligament, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage tears; tendon sprains; and muscle strains.Each topic is discussed...
In this chapter, the radiological aspects of surgical fracture management are discussed in detail. History of fracture fixation and the work of the pioneers of the field in the early and mid-twentieth century are introduced. Biology of bone healing is discussed in detail, with emphasis on the new understanding of the effect of mechanical environment and the concept of direct and indirect. Techniques...
Bone neoplasms consist of mesenchymal tumors, hematopoietic tumors, and metastasis from mainly epithelial carcinomas. Also non-neoplastic bone lesions that mimic true tumors, including bone cysts and Langerhans cell histiocytosis, need to be included in the differential diagnosis. Classic analyses on tumor margin, mineralized matrix, and periosteal reaction, based on plain radiography, are important...
“Soft tissue tumors represent a relatively common problem for musculoskeletal radiologists. This chapter reviews the classification of soft tissue tumors and the clinical, histological, and imaging features of the most common benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various modalities to evaluate these lesions.”
Hematologic disorders of the skeleton produce radiologic appearances related to marrow infiltration and/or replacement. These include common findings, such as osteopenia with trabecular prominence, growth disturbances, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Most entities also manifest with various typical imaging features and appear in characteristic distributions, which aids in their differentiation and...
As with other organs in the body, the musculoskeletal system is subject to infection. Although the most common infection in the United States is pyogenic osteomyelitis, virtually all types of infectious agents infect the musculoskeletal system, including viruses, pyogenic bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes, and fungi. Infection can cause both acute and chronic forms of disease, each with their own...
Arthritis is, by definition, a disease confined to the joints. Many arthropathies result from systemic diseases. The goal of this chapter is to provide a systematic approach to the analysis and classification of arthritis. Arthropathies can be divided into four basic categories: productive, destructive, both productive and destructive, and those that only affect the ligaments surrounding joints. The...
This chapter covers relevant aspects of imaging of prostheses. Initially, a brief historical review is given, as well as a description of the relevant terminology in the radiology of prostheses. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the composition of current prostheses, including individual designs. The indications and contraindications are then outlined. The preoperative and postoperative...
Dysplasias are defects arising during the prenatal stage of development that continue expression in postnatal life and may be primary or secondary. Primary skeletal dysplasias result from mutated genes and are expressed in mesenchymal tissues. Secondary dysplasias result from extraosseous factors causing developmental abnormalities of the skeletal system. As knowledge of clinical medicine, molecular...
Interventional radiological techniques are efficacious in diagnosing and treating certain types of musculoskeletal pathology. This chapter describes several of these techniques in three sections. The first section describes the diagnosis and treatment of back pain. There is a detailed description of the relevant anatomy, including terminology, to describe pathology as it appears radiographically...
Set the date range to filter the displayed results. You can set a starting date, ending date or both. You can enter the dates manually or choose them from the calendar.