The Psychological Record

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Book Review

Harry Schlinger

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 163-166

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A Derived Transfer of Mood Functions Through Equivalence Relations

Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Paul M. Smeets, Carmen Luciano

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 95-113

The present study investigated the transfer of induced happy and sad mood functions through equivalence relations. Sixteen subjects participated in a combined equivalence and mood induction procedure. In Phase 1, all subjects were trained in 2 conditional discriminations using a matching-to-sample format (i.e., A1-B1, A2-B2, A1-C1, A2-C2). In Phase 2, they were tested for the formation of symmetry...

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Discounting of Delayed Reinforcers: Measurement by Questionnaires Versus Operant Choice Procedures

Douglas J. Navarick

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 85-94

The ability of a reinforcer to maintain behavior decreases as a hyperbolic function of its delay. This discounted value can help explain impulsivity defined as the choice of an immediate, small reinforcer over a delayed, large reinforcer. Human operant studies using consumable reinforcers such as videos have found impulsivity with delays under 1 min. However, measures of discounting rates using questionnaires...

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Perspective-Taking as Relational Responding: A Developmental Profile

Louise McHugh, Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 115-144

Developmental psychologists have been interested in the cognitive ability of perspective-taking for a number of years due to the apparent link between perspective-taking deficits and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Most of the research in this area has employed the concepts and techniques of the approach commonly referred to as “Theory of Mind.” The current paper is concerned with an alternative operant...

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The Measurement and Functional Properties of Reinforcer Value in Single-Alternative Responding: A Test of Linear System Theory

Jesse Dallery, J.J McDowell, Paul L. Soto

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 45-65

Matching theory and linear system theory make different predictions about how the y-asymptote, k, of Herrnstein’s (1970) hyperbola varies with reinforcer value. The present experiment tested both these predictions and linear system theory’s account of how reinforcement rate and reinforcer value jointly govern response rate. Eight rats served as subjects. In Phase 1, 3 sucrose pellets of different...

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Naïve Psychological Science: The Prevalence, Strength, and Sources of Misconceptions

Annette Kujawski Taylor, Patricia Kowalski

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 15-25

Studies show that misconceptions about psychology are pervasive. This study examined how the strength of prior beliefs and the sources of misinformation relate to conceptual change following an introductory psychology course. Ninety introductory psychology students completed a 36-item “Psychological Information” questionnaire. Testing during the 1st day of the semester showed 38.5% accuracy whereas...

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Disambiguating a Mental Model: Influence of Social Context

Ulrich Hecker

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 27-43

To date, little is known about how social context cues influence the processing of information about relations between people, as opposed to information about indidvidual persons. This research addresses the construction of mental clique representations from pairwise sympathy relations. Forty-one participants learned 4 patterns of mutual liking or disliking relations. Patterns were ambiguous in the...

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Equivalence-Equivalence: Matching Stimuli with same Discriminative Functions

Franck Carpentier, Paul M. Smeets, Dermot Barnes-Holmes

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 145-162

Previous studies have shown that after being trained on A-B and A-C match-to-sample tasks, adults match not only same-class B and C stimuli (equivalence) but also BC compounds with same- class elements and with different-class elements (BC-BC). The assumption was that the BC-BC performances are based on matching equivalence and nonequivalence relations (equivalence- equivalence). The present study...

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Sequential Dependencies in Interresponse Times and Reinforcement/Response-Cost

Kentaro Kawashima

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 67-84

This study investigates sequential dependencies in interresponse times (IRTs) produced by human subjects under random-ratio (RR) and staircase stochastic reinforcement of waiting (staircase SRW) schedules using autocorrelation and relative frequencies of IRT_n *IRT_n+1 pairs. In the first of two experiments conducted for this study, subjects clicked a computer mouse either to gain or to lose points...

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Solitary Pain: Bertrand Russell as Cognitive Therapist

Geir Overskeid

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 1 > 3-14

Bertrand Russell was a prominent philosopher, mathematician, and political activist. It is less well known that Russell suffered from various psychological problems and developed his own method of dealing with them. Continuing a long philosophical tradition, Russell examined how faulty thinking may elicit painful emotions. Though seldom, if ever, mentioned among its harbingers, decades before the...

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Matching Derived Functionally-Same Stimulus Relations: Equivalence-Equivalence and Classical Analogies

Franck Carpentier, Paul M. Smeets, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Ian Stewart

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 255-273

Previous studies have shown that, after being trained on A-B and A-C matching tasks, subjects match not only functionally-same Band C stimuli (stimulus equivalence), but also BC compounds with sameclass elements and BC compounds with different-class elements (equivalence-equivalence). Similar performances are required in classical analogies (a : b :: c : d). Therefore, some researchers have argued...

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The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

James J. Jakubow, Bruce L. Brown, Nancy S. Hemmes

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 293-317

Pigeons were exposed to a random relation between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) under the signaled random procedure. All US presentations that were unpaired with the CS were preceded by a second cue, a cover stimulus. Consistent with prior studies, the signaled random procedure supported responding during the CS; however, magnitude of this cover-stimulus effect varied...

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The Generalization and Retention of Equivalence Relations in Adults With Mental Retardation

Ruth Anne Rehfeldt, Shannon Root

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 173-186

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the generalization and long-term retention of equivalence relations in individuals with mental retardation. To date, the generalization of equivalence relations to a range of novel stimuli has only been demonstrated among verbally competent adults. The responding of many individuals with mental retardation often fails to come under control of relevant...

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Release from Proactive Interference With Positive and Negative Words

F. Richard Ferraro, Brent King

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 199-206

Using the release from proactive interference (RPI) task, college students (n = 40) received 4 trials comprised of 3-word triads of either positive (P) or negative (N) words. Word-triad recall served as the dependent measure, and results revealed typical buildup of PI (i.e., no significant group x trial interaction across Trials 1–3). Significant RPI was also observed when examining performance across...

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Functional Cues for Position Learning Effects in Animals

Richard A. Burns, Kendra S. Johnson, Brian A. Harris, Beth A. Kinney, more

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 233-254

Using transfer methodology, several possible factors that could have affected the expression of serial position learning were examined with runway-trained rats. A 3-trial series (SNP)—for which S and P refer to series trials when sucrose (S) and plain (P) Noyes pellets were used as a reward, and N refers to a trial without reward—was the basis for training in the first 2 and final experiments. Transfer...

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Probability of Equivalence Formation: Familiar Stimuli and Training Sequence

Erik Arntzen

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 275-291

The present study was conducted to show how responding in accord with equivalence relations changes as a function of position of familiar stimuli, pictures, and with the use of nonsense syllables in an MTO-training structure. Fifty college students were tested for responding in accord with equivalence in an AB, CB, DB, and EB training structure. The results showed that familiar stimuli presented as...

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Does The Temporal Placement of Food-Pellet Reinforcement Alter Induction When Rats Respond on A Three-Component Multiple Schedule?

Jeffrey N. Weatherly, Kelsey K. Lang, Brent M. King

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 319-332

A series of recent studies have demonstrated that rats will increase their rate of operant responding for sucrose reinforcement when food-pellet reinforcement will be upcoming in the same session. One potential explanation for this increase is that operant, rather than respondent or general, behavior becomes increasingly probable in sessions in which food-pellet reinforcement will be available. This...

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Provision of Feedback During Preparation For Academic Testing: Learning Is Enhanced by Immediate But Not Delayed Feedback

Roberta E. Dihoff, Gary M. Brosvic, Michael L. Epstein, Michael J. Cook

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 207-231

Students prepared for classroom examinations by completing practice tests, with selected items from these practice tests repeated, in either the original or in a modified wording, on classroom examinations and a final examination. The availability of immediate self-corrective feedback on Study 1 practice tests (0, 3, or 6 practice tests) was varied, while in Study 2, the timing of feedback provided...

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Four-Month-Old Infants’ Categorization of Animals: Does Any Body Part Hold Privileged Status?

Janice M. Vidic, Robert A. Haaf

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 2 > 187-197

The influence of body parts on 4-month-olds’ categorization of cats and dogs was examined using a visual preference procedure. Infants were familiarized with pictures of exemplars from one of two categories, cat or dog. In test, looking time to an out-of-category exemplar was compared to looking time to a novel within-category exemplar with one changed body region (face, head, torso). Results demonstrate...

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Sex Differences in Verbal Reasoning are Mediated by Sex Differences in Spatial Ability

Roberto Colom, Ma José Contreras, Isabel Arend, Oscar García Leal, more

The Psychological Record > 2004 > 54 > 3 > 365-372

Several meta-analyses have shown that males outperform females in overall spatial ability, while females outperform males in some verbal ability tests, but not in others. The present article measures sex differences in two computerized tests, one thought to reflect verbal reasoning and one thought to reflect dynamic spatial performance. The sample comprised 1,593 university graduates (794 females...

INFONA - science communication portal

The Psychological Record

Book Review

A Derived Transfer of Mood Functions Through Equivalence Relations

Discounting of Delayed Reinforcers: Measurement by Questionnaires Versus Operant Choice Procedures

Perspective-Taking as Relational Responding: A Developmental Profile

The Measurement and Functional Properties of Reinforcer Value in Single-Alternative Responding: A Test of Linear System Theory

Naïve Psychological Science: The Prevalence, Strength, and Sources of Misconceptions

Disambiguating a Mental Model: Influence of Social Context

Equivalence-Equivalence: Matching Stimuli with same Discriminative Functions

Sequential Dependencies in Interresponse Times and Reinforcement/Response-Cost

Solitary Pain: Bertrand Russell as Cognitive Therapist

Matching Derived Functionally-Same Stimulus Relations: Equivalence-Equivalence and Classical Analogies

The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

The Generalization and Retention of Equivalence Relations in Adults With Mental Retardation

Release from Proactive Interference With Positive and Negative Words

Functional Cues for Position Learning Effects in Animals

Probability of Equivalence Formation: Familiar Stimuli and Training Sequence

Does The Temporal Placement of Food-Pellet Reinforcement Alter Induction When Rats Respond on A Three-Component Multiple Schedule?

Provision of Feedback During Preparation For Academic Testing: Learning Is Enhanced by Immediate But Not Delayed Feedback

Four-Month-Old Infants’ Categorization of Animals: Does Any Body Part Hold Privileged Status?

Sex Differences in Verbal Reasoning are Mediated by Sex Differences in Spatial Ability

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