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Barley yellow mosaic virus disease caused by different strains of BaYMV and BaMMV is a major threat to winter barley cultivation in Europe. Different resistance genes against these viruses have been mapped and suitable PCR-based markers have been developed. In this respect doubled haploid (DH) populations proved to be advantageous as they facilitate a repeated test for resistance against all agents...
Molecular markers play an essential role today in all aspects of plant breeding, ranging from the identification of genes responsible for desired traits to the management of backcrossing programs. The emergence of marker systems has, for the last 30 years, closely tracked developments in biochemistry and molecular biology. Following the demonstration that retrotransposons are ubiquitous, active, and...
Breeding progress in barley yield in the UK is being sustained at a rate in the order of 1% per annum against a background of declining seed sales. Commercial barley breeders are largely concentrating upon the elite local gene pool but with genotypic evidence suggesting that there is still considerable variation between current recommended cultivars, even those produced as half-sibs by the same breeder...
Doubled haploid (DH) systems have many attractive features for inducing and fixing mutations. Doubled haploidy provides the fastest route to homozygosity with the greatest fidelity. The ability to fix mutations via doubled haploidy is a key factor, especially as induced mutations␣are predominantly recessive and cannot normally be detected until the M2 generation at the earliest. The DH systems themselves...
In order to analyse the genetic control of anther culture response in barley, a doubled-haploid (DH) population from the cross between a medium responsive cultivar ‘Dobla’ and the model cultivar ‘Igri’ was produced. A linkage map was constructed with 91 markers. A sub-population of 41 lines was characterised for different components of the anther culture response, and was used for quantitative trait...
Isolated plant microspores, when stressed and cultured in vitro, can be diverted from their normal gametophytic pathway towards sporophytic development, with the formation of haploid embryos and ultimately doubled-haploid plants. This process is called androgenesis or microspore embryogenesis, and is widely used in plant breeding programmes to generate homozygous lines for breeding purposes. Protocols...
The breeding companies and laboratories involved in this article cover a wide range of crops grown in the temperate climate zone: small grain cereals, oilseed crops, forage crops, turf, vegetables and potato. Speed and efficiency are becoming increasingly important in variety breeding and doubled haploids (DH) and genetic markers are important biotechnological tools to accelerate materials to market...
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constitute an abundant source of DNA polymorphisms, which have been successfully used to identify loci that are associated with a particular phenotype. Additionally, such markers could be efficiently used in combination with doubled haploid technology to improve the efficiency of breeding programmes. Information on such markers in plants is still scarce. For...
The advantages of androgenesis from Lolium×Festuca hybrids as a means towards enhanced gene expression and capture of rare genetic variation are reviewed. New evidence is presented for the technique’s use in combination with introgression-mapping for targeting Festuca-derived genes for enhanced freezing-tolerance. As a starting point, a dihaploid genotype derived by androgenesis from a Lolium multiflorum...
There is a growing interest in herbs, spices, nutraceuticals, and medicinal plants worldwide. These species are used for food, flavourings, cosmetics, and for medicinal purposes. However, there is very little activity underway to improve the genetics and breeding of these crops. Much of the industry relies on “wild” plants (i.e. not genetically improved/enhanced); therefore, the potential for variability...
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