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The following topics are dealt with: synchrophasors functionality; IEC 61850 architecture and applications; line protection; generator protection; bus protection; distribution systems protection; power quality; and smart grid.
Ultimately, advanced metering infrastructures, distribution automation, substation automation, distribution management systems, outage management and mobile workforce management systems, GIS facilities modeling and management, asset management systems, customer systems and others must all fit this smart grid framework to be effective. They must act together to leverage the potential of a smart grid...
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are getting increasingly popular. Major incidents in the near past, such as the big blackouts in 2003 in the northeast of the USA and in Italy, have raised the interest in all means that support the observation of the condition of the electrical power network, assessing system stability, and predicting problems. PMUs are perceived to be valuable tools for this. The...
This paper presents a fast prediction algorithm for the power-swing angle curve across a transmission line in a multi-machine power system following a major system disturbance. The methodology views the multi-machine power system from the transmission line perspective and exploits the principles of equivalent machines at each end of the transmission line as developed for the extended equal area criteria...
The distribution system is the most extensive part of an electric system and represents the main causes for customer energy interruption. Therefore, the optimal expansion planning of such subsystem including the attractive option of integrating the dispersed generation (DG) can lead to significant economic gains in its installation cost and furthermore minimizing the unserved energy. This paper proposes...
Over the past ten years, the City of Danville has seen the region's core industries, such as tobacco and textiles, close down or move overseas. Understanding the need to develop new jobs in the region, the City of Danville and many other communities sought to draw high-tech and manufacturing companies to the area with a large available work force and pro-business politics. Recognizing the importance...
By application of numerical differential protection devices over digital communication links it is possible to transfer, apart from the protection relevant data, additional binary information and measured values. Communication convertors adapt the telegrams of the devices to the communication medium. Apart from classical pilot wire links and optical fibres it is also possible to use modern communication...
Today each unique vendor of protection systems or major Protective Relay Manufactures has their own software for transmitting parameters and setting protective relays. This is almost always based on MicrosoftTM operating systems. It is in this element where the largest numbers of setting errors occur, this being the human element. Even with in the same manufacturing company different departments go...
Distributed generators are penetrating the electric power system at the sub-transmission, distribution and low voltage levels. Their integration with protection, automation and control systems based on the IEC 61850 standard requires the use of existing object models, as well as the new ones developed to meet the requirements of the distributed energy resources (DER) domain. Such modeling requires...
This paper presents various programs that have an individual focus, while maintaining a degree of interdependence from the other programs. The increasing threat of the large-scale system disturbances makes use of wide-area measurement systems to monitor large grids. For example, for the widespread usage of PMU technology to optimally control the system voltage and VAR requirements, the state estimation...
The electric power industry is experiencing a period of sustained growth to meet the growing energy needs of the planet. Innovations such as deployment of smart grid solutions will facilitate the pending growth of the infrastructure as new facilities are added to the network and embedded with the installed base. Grid intelligence will assist planners and operators deal with the increasing complexity...
Wind energy has gained much attention with the development of conversion technologies, concerns on fossil fuel use and associated environmental impacts. As a result, an increasing number of large wind farms are coming into the power system at high voltage (HV) grid level. Voltage transformers (VT) are used for obtaining secondary voltages suitable for metering and protection devices in a wind farm...
The telecommunications revolution has increased the options and capabilities available for communications-based protection of transmission lines. To improve tripping speeds on long and short lines, protection engineers can select from a host of media, protocols, and logic schemes. The question to address is what communications scheme is best for which circumstances. This paper begins by establishing...
Arc-flash detection sensors provide a cost-effective way to reduce arc-flash energy by minimizing detection times. High-speed light detection and tripping can compromise protection security by misoperating during changing light conditions. Trip circuits using arc-flash light detection should be supervised using overcurrent protection with similar fast detection speeds. Combining arc-flash detection...
In last few years, transfer of bulk electrical power over long distances has increased in order to have a reliable and economical electrical supply. For example, hydroelectric power generated in Canada can be transferred to consumers and industry in United States using the high voltage transmission system. But only limited amount of power can be transferred over the transmission system subject to...
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the region reliability councils have mandated electric utilities to monitor their power systems at critical locations throughout their system. The monitoring systems are to be phased into service by 2010. American Electric Power (AEP) and Tarigma Corporation with assistance from Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. (SEL) have developed...
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