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The performance and ageing of lithium-ion cells are particularly sensitive to the battery operating temperature and in-cell temperature gradient. To mitigate adverse ageing whilst maximising performance, thermal management systems are required to maintain the cell operating temperature within its optimum range. In this paper, an aggressive duty cycle representative of track racing conditions for a...
A high-efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converter for electric vehicle supercapacitor systems is presented. Compared with traditional IGBT power devices, wide bandgap devices can be effective here, but cost and technical issues such as gate oxide reliability are seen as drawbacks. A potentially attractive alternative device is the silicon super-junction MOSFET. However, the behaviour of the intrinsic...
The design of electric vehicle charging infrastructure needs to accommodate specific requirements associated with the scale of the project, installation locations, available charging technologies, power network capacities, etc. Designers and developers will ensure that the design of the charging infrastructures shall comply with relevant standards. For example, IET has published the second edition...
This paper aims to answer the question: “Which factors influence the success of public charging stations?”. For the empirical analyses we used data provided by the public charging stations of the city The Hague. In the second half of 2015 more than 91.795 charge sessions were logged of more than 6.693 unique charge cards. By using this database we investigated four hypotheses, which were (partly)...
The purpose of this study is to present the activities carried out with the aim to obtain the best-in-class rating (following Euro NCAP protocols) of a subcompact urban electric car, BEHICLE, featuring a composite intensive, multimaterial body-in-white that allows for a total car weight below 600 kg. Lightweighting is ensured via reinforced composite panels, aluminium greenhouse, and energy absorbing...
What if we rethink small gas stations and give them a second life? It is in this light that Altran proposes to develop a shared space designed for users of electric vehicles. It facilitates access to charging, taking into account the associated constraints (waiting time, energy consumption, etc.). This station allows users to charge their batteries or, for users of two-wheelers, to swap it quickly...
To overcome the disadvantage of electric heaters for heating the interior in electric- and hybrid vehicles, consuming electric energy out of the traction battery, a thermal energy storage (TES) filled with metallic Phase Change Material (mPCM) is proposed in this study. Out of the defined requirements to energy storage systems resulting from the application in electric vehicles, which are a thermal...
Intelligent thermal management is a key area of interest for delivering ever more efficient vehicles. The ability to redistribute and reroute thermal energy around the vehicle, it's subsystems and environment enables for example, quicker component conditioning to optimal operating conditions. This in turn can yield reduction in on-board energy source utilisation for things other than vehicle propulsion...
This paper describes a sizing procedure for calculating the component requirements of a MAGSPLIT hybrid powertrain from a basic set of system specifications. The approach laid out in this paper facilitates quicker design parameter selection and better understanding of system interactions when compared with traditional analysis methods. The procedure will be supported with system equations, an overview...
Range extenders are a solution to partly overcome the limitations of current battery technology and are gaining popularity despite their complexity, due to the potential for reduced tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. The range extender or Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) consists of an on board fuel convertor that converts fuel such as gasoline into electrical power while the vehicle is in operation...
This paper presents the implementation of a state of charge (SOC) estimator for Lithium-ion battery in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based System-in-the-Loop platform. The paper explains and provides results from alternative methods for accelerating the SOC calculations in the FPGA. The System-In-the-Loop (SIL) simulation provides a platform to develop a full FPGA-based BMS, using high-level...
The aim of this study is to investigate the level of interest in Low-Carbon Vehicles (LCVs) adoption from the perspectives of some opinion leaders and policy makers. Nigeria, being an oil led developing economy, is arguably perceived to be one of the countries which would probably not want to join the global transitions towards a low carbon economy. This is not an unexpected opposition to LCV adoption...
The development of new Hybrid powertrain technologies for Off-Highway Machinery industry increases the need of new developments and methods that differ from the classical approaches. In the Off-Highway industry, actuators and duty cycles are historically oversized beyond their need and machinery power requirements were often a secondary issue. However in Hybrid power train dimensioning the need of...
Accurate State of Health (SoH) diagnosis and prognosis of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) may become an important estimate for the Battery Management System (BMS) if it can be acted upon to de-rate the demands placed on the battery in order to reduce the rate of ageing and to extend battery life. The BMS often quantifies SoH based on capacity (SoHE) and power fade (SoHP) without diagnosing the root causes...
Many cities in Europe have ambitious goals when it comes to making their public transport buses emission free. This article outlines the reasoning behind the choices made in the city of Amsterdam with regards to charging infrastructure for electric buses. Emphasising the importance of operational demands, and taking into consideration relevant context factor for this city in particular, the article...
In this study we developed models in order to predict the need for public charging points. These models give municipalities an insight into various environmental and consumer related factors that determine the need for public charging points for electric vehicles in the neighbourhood. These factors include, amongst others, the average gross monthly income of households in a certain neighbourhood and...
The My Electric Avenue Project studied the impact of electric vehicle uptake on Britain's electrical distribution networks by monitoring 200 customers for 18 months. Customers also trialled a new demand side response technology which delayed charging to support the distribution network. At current projections, we find that upgrading Britain's low voltage infrastructure to accommodate electric vehicles...
The lightweight, integrated, and high performance motor-wheel driven electric vehicle is clean, energy saving, and safe, and has the potential to form the ideal electric vehicle for the future. This paper proposes an optimal fuzzy neural network braking control strategy to determine the allocation of the front and rear regenerative braking torque and friction braking torque for the independent four...
After years of development and market promise, gallium nitride (GaN) power transistors have been commercially available for several years now and are being designed into numerous applications by a wide range of customers worldwide. These devices, in 100 volt and 650 volt ranges and with currents from 10 amps to 120 amps, have seen early adoption in consumer and computer applications. We are now seeing...
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