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Supplying a regulated 0.6V to biomedical systems requires a low dropout (LDO) regulator with a maximum driving current capability of 10mA. One sub-1V voltage reference circuit is commonly used in the conventional LDO design to generate the reference voltage VREF with a low temperature coefficient (TC), as shown in Fig. 17.10.1. VREF is sent to the inverting terminal of the error amplifier (EA) to...
Hearing aids are complex integrated and highly miniaturised systems based on digital signal processor and wireless communication chips. There is a growing need for wireless connectivity between hearing aids and external devices such as cellular phone, PC, sound players (TV, radio, car navigation), remote microphones or even alarm systems. Assistive listening devices based on miniaturized FM receivers...
A major challenge with emerging microsensors, biomedical implants, and other portable devices is operational life, because tiny batteries exhaust quickly. And even though 1g fuel cells store 5 to 10× more energy than 1g Li-ion batteries, fuel cells supply 10 to 20× less power [1]. This means fuel cells last longer with light loads and Li-ion batteries output more power across shorter periods. Therefore,...
Energy harvesting is one of the key technologies used to realize self-sustaining systems such as wireless sensor networks and health-care devices. Much research on circuit design has been conducted to extract as much energy as possible from transducers, such as the thermoelectric generator (TEG) and the piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Specifically, the energy in a PZT could be extracted more efficiently...
High-speed low-resolution ADCs are widely used for various applications, such as 60GHz receivers, serial links, and high-density disk drive systems. Flash architectures have the highest conversion rate without employing time interleaving. Moreover, flash architectures have the lowest latency, which is often required in feedback-loop systems. However, the area and power consumption are exponentially...
Energy harvesting is a key technology in various small-size applications such as wireless sensor nodes, mobile devices, and implantable bio-devices to improve battery lifetime or to substitute for batteries. Piezoelectric (PE) transducers are popular energy harvesters that can be used to supply AC power at the μW to mW scale to electronic devices using ambient vibrational energy. To use PE energy...
Standalone systems such as outdoor lighting and remote monitoring stations can be self-powered by solar panels (SPs) having output powers of tens of watts. When the size of the SP is large, part of it can be shaded by birds, trees and other objects resulting in partial shading conditions (PSCs). Multiple local maxima in the power-versus-voltage (P-V) curve of the SP are generated during PSCs [1]....
The directly modulated distributed-feedback laser (DML) is widely employed in medium-reach optical links due to its cost effectiveness. However, DMLs are not appropriate for use in fiber links longer than 20km at 6Gb/s or equivalent, because the SNR penalty increases abruptly due to excessive chromatic dispersion caused by frequency chirp. Therefore externally modulated lasers (EMLs), which are more...
As an alternative to the conventional dual-loop architecture, reference-less CDR architectures have become more popular in industry because of their simplicity and flexibility [1-5]. However, the robustness of the transition between frequency acquisition and phase locking is always a concern, particularly for the linear CDR, which has an extremely limited capture range. Many works, based mainly on...
The IEEE802.3an 10GBASE-T standard describes full-duplex 10Gb/s Ethernet transmission over four pairs of up to 100m UTP cable. For the implementation of high-density 10GBASE-T network switches, highly integrated transceivers are required that have both a small form factor and high power efficiency. This paper describes an analog front-end (AFE) that is used in a quad-port 10GBASE-T transceiver chip...
High-speed and high-density interconnections between racks and modules in the high-performance computing systems and data centers are currently being developed. The transmission range of conventional electrical interconnections is limited due to the bandwidth of electrical channels. VCSEL-based optical interconnection technologies are a promising solution for overcoming bandwidth bottlenecks in large...
Next-generation high-performance computing systems require high-bandwidth serial links to transport high-speed data streams among computational blocks. Optical links have recently attracted attention due to their low channel loss at high frequencies, requiring simpler equalization circuits than electrical links. The energy-efficiency of optical links can thus be significantly improved [1-5]. Broadband...
The popularity of the Near-Field Communication (NFC) system stems from being able to establish communication by merely being in the vicinity of another NFC device, an operation known as “tap and go”. An NFC device is quite complex: it has to support both ASK/BPSK modulation, variable data rates from 106kb/s to 848kb/s, different ASK modulation indices (8% to 100%), different card types (NFC-A/B/F),...
High-performance systems require high-bandwidth interconnections. The aggregate bandwidth required between two processors, for example, is expected to extend into the terabit-per-second range or higher [1]. Bandwidth is typically the bottleneck in such situations. Optical interconnect technologies have the potential to overcome bandwidth limitations for such chip-to-chip or board-to-board communication...
Gigabit Ethernet PHY (GPHY) transceivers find wide use in SoCs and standalone PHY chips with hundreds of millions of ports shipped every year. Transceiver design has recently focused on power reduction driven by the need for higher port density and throughput with minimum energy and thermal cost. The line drivers that deliver power from a high voltage supply to remote 100Ω differential loads dominate...
Continuous-rate clock-and-data recovery (CDR) circuits with automatic frequency acquisition offer flexibility in both optical and electrical communication networks, and minimize cost with a single-chip multi-standard solution. The two major challenges in the design of such a CDR are: (a) extracting the bit-rate from the incoming random data stream, and (b) designing a wide-tuning-range low-noise oscillator...
Multi-mode fiber (MMF) is the most cost-effective fiber for high-speed LANs. Modal dispersion leads to optical-energy spreading over several symbol periods, drastically limiting distance and data-rate. Compared with copper channels, equalization is challenging because the channel response varies enormously from fiber to fiber and also over time [1]. These aspects, paired with the practical difficulty...
Network traffic speeds are increasing to meet the demands of data centers and network operators to support data-rich services like video streaming and social media. This has accelerated the adoption of 100Gb/s connectivity from the present 10Gb/s and 40Gb/s rates. One challenge that remains is the high power consumption of 100Gb/s systems. As mentioned in [1], power dissipation of the 100GbE gearbox...
A high-speed SerDes must meet multiple challenges including high-speed operation, intensive equalization technique, low power consumption, small area and robustness. In order to meet new standards, such a OIF CEI-25G-LR, CEI-28G-MR/SR/VSR, IEEE802.3bj and 32G-FC, data-rates are increased to 25 to 28Gb/s, which is more than 75% higher than the previous generation of SerDes. For SerDes applications...
The evolution of networking technology has enabled impressive networked experiences, ranging from connected mobile context-aware experiences to immersive experiences provided by large-screen interactive displays. The rapid pace of innovation and trends in consumerization have made these experiences affordable and widely available, greatly increasing end users' expectations. In the years ahead, networks...
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