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The zinc bromine battery is a high energy density battery that utilizes low cost materials. The battery is of unique construction utilizing plastic storage tanks for the zinc bromide electrolyte and plastic bipolar electrode stacks. This paper briefly describes the zinc bromine battery technology and the experience gained in installing and operating an electric vehicle with this advanced system. The...
Summary form only given as follows. The lithium-ion technology began to receive increased attention in 1990 when Sony Energytech announced the development of a lithium-ion cell. Sony reported their cell, consisting of a carbon anode capable of intercalating lithium ions and a LiCoO/sub 2/ cathode, delivered an energy density of 115 Wh/kg at an operating voltage of 3.6 V and was capable of 1200 deep...
Summary form only given. The nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery provides a near-term answer to the demand for portable, rechargeable power sources which are lighter and smaller than nickel cadmium batteries. Commercially available Ni-MH batteries can substitute for nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries cell for cell, with almost indistinguishable voltage characteristics, but provide 2540 percent more...
A new sealed battery design is discussed. It is a sealed battery that incorporates a string of vented cells with a special gas recombination cell, termed the electrochemical pressure regulator, in a single sealed container. The gas recombination cell is capable of consuming oxygen and/or hydrogen. This allows the operation of flooded cells in a sealed maintenance-free battery with a fair amount of...
The Valence lithium polymer battery offers a number of significant advantages over existing rechargeable batteries which result in longer operating time, decreased battery size and weight for a given application, improved safety and flexibility in design for a wide range of applications. The authors concentrate on the manufacturing and technology of the polymer battery system.<<ETX>>
The Sealed Bipolar Lead-Acid (SBLA) battery has been under continual development at Arias Research Associates (ARA) since 1988, primarily for electric vehicle application. Test results over a two years are summarized and show continual progress towards ARA's program goals, with many EV-battery goals already met or exceeded.<<ETX>>
Using new lead-composite materials and innovative cell-design and packaging design rules, Electrosource has developed a high-specific-energy, long-cycle-life, valve regulated lead-acid battery. This paper presents performance and cycle-life data for this revolutionary new design. Specific energy exceeds 40 Whrs/kg at C/2. Under sustained moderately-high current density loads, specific power exceeds...
The AER Energy zinc-air battery is an innovative rechargeable battery technology currently being developed for commercialization. AER Energy's efforts have produced zinc-air batteries with an energy density of 155 watt hours per kilogram, nearly triple the NiMH's energy density. Zinc-air technology has the potential to reach 200 watt hours per kilogram, almost four times the current level. This means...
With the oil crisis in the early 1970s an intensive development of electric vehicles, i.e. passenger cars, delivery vans, and buses was initiated. Already in an early stage of the demonstration phase it became quite clear that the lead-acid battery, more precisely the battery pack, requires more attention than can be provided by simple meters for current, voltage, and ampere-hours. This led to the...
Eagle-Picher's intelligent battery charger (IBC) incorporates extensive space/military level battery and electronic experience into a product which delivers high reliability, low maintenance operation, and cost effectiveness. The product also benefits from the fact that the controlling electronics are designed and built by the most diversified battery chemistry manufacturer. The IBC is incorporated...
The designers of any portable computer face a dilemma when choosing the power source for their product. The product can be either smaller and lighter than the competition (and possibly suffer from shorter run-time) or it may have superior run-time at the expense of added weight and volume. The balance between these options is a delicate one that impacts product acceptance and ultimately the manufacturer's...
Several products using different fundamental techniques have been introduced in the market that monitor batteries and give them smart characteristics. This survey article is intended to make the reader aware that the smart battery is considered an intelligent way to build-in quality and reliability into a battery pack and at the same time increase its durability and lifetime. Different complexities...
State-of-charge indication for a secondary battery is becoming increasingly important for battery-operated electronics. Consumers are demanding fast charging times, increased battery lifetime, and fuel gauge capabilities. This paper presents an effective method of determining the state of charge in secondary cell batteries. A NiMH battery is used for the test since it is one of the more difficult...
Recent Japanese production figures of Li-MnO/sub 2/ primary camera batteries, and Li-ion, Ni-Cd and Ni-MH rechargeable cells are compiled and applications are discussed. Production of important raw materials for these batteries are also reported.<<ETX>>
Business losses due to network interruption and downtime are enormous. System downtime can negatively impact all facets of a business. To some, the installation of a UPS system has improved the odds, but the UPS is dependent on back-up batteries which in themselves account for most UPS failures. What can be done to improve the odds such that battery failure is minimized? Is it possible to predict...
Vanadium oxides have shown promising electrochemical properties as rechargeable Li/sup +/ insertion cathodes. The Li/VO/sub x/ systems have a high theoretical specific energy and a high open circuit voltage. In this paper initial results on Li/sup +/ insertion in two types of VO/sub x/ cathodes are presented: V/sub 6/O/sub 13/ composites and V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ xerogels. Both materials can be readily...
Mission critical applications for battery systems need reliable and accurate measurement of battery capacity, particularly with uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). This paper explores the unique, patented approach used at the Square D Company to provide battery capacity monitoring with high accuracy in the standard metering package of their newest UPS products. Their challenge was not simply to...
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