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The cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a specific potent PP1 and PP2A protein phosphatase inhibitor. In view to obtain an integrated whole-body, understanding of the key target organs of MC-LR subsequent to embryonic exposure on the anatomy of medaka fish hatchlings, embryos at stage 19 were microinjected with a sublethal dose of MC-LR corresponding to 0.2pg/vitellus. MC-LR-induced...
Hemorrhagic snake venom induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (VEC). Vascular apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (VAP1), which is identified as an apoptosis toxin against vascular endothelial cells, induces apoptosis accompanied by severe cell fragmentation compared with that of apoptosis due to other inducers. The mechanism of this morphologic feature is not known. In this report, we examine...
The generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the pit-viper snake Lachesis muta venom glands allowed us to identify two cDNA isoforms which encode the precursors for bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) and a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). The sequence data derived from these cDNAs combined with the venom peptides identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis predicted that...
We report here a rapid detection method for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins using a cultured neuroblastoma cell line, modified from the bioassay system previously established by Manger et al. [Manger, R.L., Leja, L.S., Lee, S.Y., Hungerford, J.M., Kirkpatrick, M.A., Yasumoto, T., Wekell, M.M., 2003. Detection of paralytic shellfish poison by rapid cell bioassay: antagonism of voltage-gated...
An international meeting on envenomations in Africa was held in Cotonou, Republic of Benin, the 19th and 20th of November, 2004, to gather clinical practitioners, epidemiologists, health authorities and antivenom producers to present and discuss the most recent available data on the prevalence of snake envenomation in Africa. The meeting concluded with a round table which had the objective of evaluating...
The latex of Calotropis gigantea is a rich source of useful components that has medicinal properties and one of the main applications is in controlling bleeding. The crude latex extract contained many proteins, which are highly basic in nature and exhibited strong proteolytic activity. The crude extract hydrolyses casein, human fibrinogen and crude fibrin clot in a dose-dependent manner. The hydrolyzing...
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from Flødevigen Bay, Norway, in 2001 and 2002 were analysed for yessotoxins (YTXs) by ELISA and yessotoxin (YTX), 45-hydroxyYTX, and carboxyYTX by LC-MS. Results from the two methods were compared to evaluate the ELISA. The response in the ELISA was 3–13 times higher than LC-MS, probably due to the antibodies binding to other YTX analogues not included in the...
Our previous acute toxicity studies with Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) in rats showed renal hemodynamic changes with a marked increase in the fractional excretion of sodium and morphological damage. To analyse the effects of Kh or ‘tullidora’ on energetic metabolism, a single dose of an oral preparation from the seed fruits was given to Wistar rats (1.25g/kg). In tullidora-treated rats there was 8%...
Snake venom is known to contain an abundance of enzyme isoforms, and various disorders associated with envenomation have been ascribed partially to their diversified functions. Crude venom of Bothrops jararaca was subjected to conventional two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblot analysis using an antiserum raised against KN-BJ 2, a serine proteinase previously isolated from this venom. A...
Polyclonal antibodies obtained by immunization of rabbits with native form of weak toxin (WTX) from cobra Naja kaouthia venom efficiently interacted with WTX and a weak toxin from Naja oxiana venom, but not so with their denaturated forms. These antibodies could also bind with lower affinity other groups of three-fingered toxins: long-chain α-neurotoxins, muscarinic toxins and cytotoxins, but practically...
A new simply and effective fractionation method for cylindrospermopsin (CYN) analyses was developed. The extract from cells of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was resuspended with 0.1M carbonate buffer at pH 10.5, and pass through the double-cartridges column which was consisted of a styrene polymer cartridge and an anion exchange cartridge. CYN and deoxy-CYN were adsorbed with the anion exchange cartridge...
The authors report an injury caused by a spiny dogfish (Squalus sp) in a professional fisherman that was got hurt in the left hand for a spine in the dorsal fin of the fish and felt excruciating local pain for 6h and manifested local edema and erythema. The sharks of the Squalus gender, in a similar way to the gender Heterodontus, present two spines in position previous to the dorsal fins, with channels...
A novel endothelial cell apoptosis inducing metalloprotease (VLAIP) was found in the snake venom of Vipera lebetina. This metalloprotease is a heterodimeric glycoprotein with molecular mass of about 106kDa. The protease hydrolyzes azocasein, fibrinogen and oxidized insulin B-chain. The enzyme readily hydrolyzes the Aα-chain and more slowly Bβ-chain of fibrinogen. VLAIP does not cleave fibrin. The...
Three human probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705, and Bifidobacterium lactis strain Bb12, were found to bind the cyanobacterial peptide toxin microcystin-LR from water solutions. The highest removal percentage was 46%, observed with heat-treated L. rhamnosus strain GG (10 10 cells/ml) and a microcystin-LR concentration of 0.5μg/ml during an incubation of 7h at 35°C.
This study used liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to identify some parameters important in the analysis of azaspiracids.The first aspect was the distribution of azaspiracids within mussels, in particular the content in the digestive gland as compared to the remaining tissues. In our study, azaspiracids accumulated in the digestive gland, similar to other lipophilic toxins. The ratio...
Bee venom (BV) has been used traditionally for the control of pain and inflammation in various chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Oriental medicine. However, it is still unclear how BV exerts its beneficial effects on the clinical course of RA patients. To investigate the effect of BV on the treatment of rheumatoid synovitis, we examined the inhibition of cell growth...
Thirteen representative phytogeographical sites in the southern part of Jordan was surveyed to recognize the folk toxic plant wealth by calculating of FL, RPL, and ROP values. One hundred and twenty-five toxic species were recorded in the area of study belonging to 56 plant families that were mentioned by three informants or more, 53 toxic species (42.4%) were popular, since they were cited by more...
Lachesis genus is one of the less studied among others from Viperidae's genera, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining the venom. Accidents by Lachesis snakes cause severe envenoming syndrome, eventually leading victims to shock. This work is part of a comprehensive study aimed at studying the venom and its effects. Herein the neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of L. muta muta venom were investigated...
Botulinum neurotoxin type A has gained widespread use for treatment of a host of neuromuscular conditions. However, the potential effect of this toxin has on the histological and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to characterize the myosin heavy chain (MHC) distribution of adult rat skeletal muscle treated with botulinum neurotoxin...
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