Drug and Alcohol Dependence

article

Illegal drug taking and driving: patterns of drug taking among Spanish drivers

M. Carmen del Río, F. Javier Alvarez

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 83-86

This study investigated patterns of illegal drug taking among Spanish drivers. The study was conducted in the fall of 1993 on 1500 drivers aged over 16, who properly completed and returned the questionnaires. The statistical SAS package was used. Among those surveyed, 23.5% had taken illegal drugs within their lifetime, 6.1% in the past year, 4.2% in the past month and 3.1% in the past week. Cannabis...

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Patterns and covariates of alcohol drinking among high school students in 10 towns in Italy: a cross-sectional study

Francesco Donato, Silvano Monarca, Roberta Chiesa, Donatella Feretti, more

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 59-69

A self-report questionnaire on alcohol and tobacco use was administered anonymously to 5221 high-school students in grade 9 (aged 14-15) and to 4154 students in grade 13 (aged 18-19) in 10 Italian towns. Alcohol consumption was greater among males than females and among 13th graders with respect to 9th graders. Students who drank alcoholic beverages every day were, in males and females, respectively,...

article

Cocaine use and risky injection and sexual behaviors

Rebekah Hudgins, Jane McCusker, Anne Stoddard

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 7-14

The association between cocaine use (crack and injection cocaine) and risky behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was investigated among participants in a multi-site study at drug treatment and non-drug treatment sites in Worcester, Massachusetts. Cocaine use was more prevalent among young, African-American men. Compared to heroin injectors cocaine injectors had higher risk...

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Therapeutic community methods in methadone maintenance (Passages): an open clinical trial

George De Leon, Graham L. Staines, Theresa E. Perlis, Stanley Sacks, more

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 45-57

A non-random open clinical trial was conducted to determine whether a day-treatment program based on modified therapeutic community (TC) methods (Passages) produced better treatment outcomes for heroin addicts than did standard methadone maintenance therapy. Altogether, 327 methadone clients at two clinic sites were studied: 115 Passages members, and 212 comparison subjects. Compared to non-Passages...

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Drinking and unemployment: contrasting patterns among men and women

Eero Lahelma, Risto Kangas, Kristiina Manderbacka

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 71-82

Research on unemployment has paid only little attention to drinking and drinking problems. From the 1970s onwards the association of drinking and unemployment has come under systematic study. Contrasting tendencies emerge from this research. This paper distinguishes three instances of drinking and drinking problems and examines their association with employment status, i.e., (i) frequency of drinking,...

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HIV risks, gender, and cocaine use among opiate users

George W. Joe, D. Dwayne Simpson

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 23-28

HIV risks involving injection and sex behaviors were analyzed in relation to cocaine use and gender among 487 opiate-dependent clients in methadone treatment. Those who also used cocaine were at greater risk than non-cocaine users on HIV risky injection variables. Females were at more risk than males on the HIV risky sex behaviors involving unprotected sex in exchange for money or drugs and with...

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Cocaine use and HIV risk behavior in methadone maintenance patients

Donald A. Bux, R.J. Lamb, Martin Y. Iguchi

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 29-35

This study examined sexual and drug use behavior in 247 methadone maintenance patients, to explore the association of cocaine use with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior. In univariate analyses, cocaine use was positively associated with any drug injection, number of injections, and sexual intercourse without condoms. These relationships remained significant after controlling for other...

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Cocaine and crack use and HIV risk behaviors among high-risk methadone maintenance clients

Christine E. Grella, M. Douglas Anglin, Stuart E. Wugalter

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 15-21

A discriminant function analysis was performed with data from 409 high-risk heroin addicts at intake into a methadone maintenance treatment program to determine the characteristics of cocaine users. Cocaine users presented a higher-risk profile for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), engaged in a wider variety of criminal activities, were more likely to be African-American, reported more alcohol...

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Is antisocial personality disorder associated with increased HIV risk behaviors in cocaine users?

Wilson M. Compton, Linda B. Cottler, Audrey M. Shillington, Rumi K. Price

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 37-43

Previous reports have shown antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to be strongly associated with injection equipment sharing and increased rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a sample of heroin injectors. Another report has shown ASPD to be associated with injection drug use, needle sharing, sexual promiscuity, and prostitution in a sample of methadone maintenance clients. ...

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Results of the NIDA treatment demonstration grants' cocaine workgroup: characteristics of cocaine users and HIV risk behaviors

Wilson M. Compton, Richard J. Lamb, Bennett W. Fletcher

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 1 > 1-6

This journal issue includes seven articles (six plus this introduction) from the cocaine workgroup of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) treatment demonstration grants. In this introduction, results of the first attempts to compare data from seven disparate demonstration grant sites are summarized: Overall, rates of recent cocaine use were high in all locations, injection drug use was...

article

Relative reinforcing effects of different doses of orally delivered cocaine

Richard A. Meisch, Robert B. Stewart

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 141-147

The relative reinforcing effects of different doses of oral cocaine were investigated in two adult male rhesus monkeys. In the first experiment, a range of cocaine doses (0.1-0.8 mg/ml) was studied with drug and water concurrently available for 3 h each day under identical and independent fixed-ratio schedules. The side positions of the drug and vehicle were alternated from session to session. ...

article

The role of NMDA receptor systems in neuropeptide responses to stimulants of abuse

Glen R. Hanson, Nanda Singh, Kalpana Merchant, Michel Johnson, more

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 107-110

High doses of stimulants of abuse, such as methamphetamine and cocaine, cause significant increases in the content of neurotension- and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (approximately 200-600% of control) in the rat. These changes in neuropeptide content are caused by stimulation of dopamine D ₁ receptors and prevented by the glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist,...

article

Interactions between dopamine and excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants

Peter W. Kalivas

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 95-100

Mesoaccumbens dopamine transmission at least partly mediates the initiation and expression of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. The initiation arises from an action by psychostimulants on dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) while the expression of behavioral sensitization involves enhanced pre- and postsynaptic dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Evidence...

article

Unidimensionality of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome

D. Mohan, R. Ray, Hem Sethi

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 163-166

To evaluate the coherence of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) as defined by DSM III-R criteria, 482 males were diagnosed as having ADS from a representative general population survey. Nine DSM III-R criteria were factor analyzed to assess unidimensionality. Unlike our earlier report on the same issue, a single-factor model, rather than a two-factor model, supports the coherence of the dependence...

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Introduction to the role of excitatory amino acids in the actions of abused drugs: a symposium presented at the 1993 annual meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence

Jacqueline F. McGinty

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 91-94

Recent evidence has demonstrated that N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) and non-NMDA, excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonists block the motor stimulating, neurotoxic, and rewarding actions of cocaine and the amphetamines. The participants in this symposium discussed evidence that (i) the initiation of stimulant-induced behavioral sensitization involves NMDA receptor stimulation in the ventral...

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The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in dopaminergic neuropathology produced by the amphetamines

Patricia K. Sonsalla

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 101-105

Although it has been known for several decades that the administration of amphetamines to experimental animals produces damage to monoaminergic neurons, the mechanism(s) underlying this neuropathology is unknown. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that various N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can prevent the damage produced by the amphetamines. The purpose of this communication...

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Treated delinquent boys' substance use: onset, pattern, relationship to conduct and mood disorders

Susan E. Young, Susan K. Mikulich, Matthew B. Goodwin, John Hardy, more

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 149-162

We describe relationships between substance use, conduct disorder (CD), depression, and history of self-injury or suicide attempts, in referred, delinquent, substance involved, adolescent males. Sixty youths (mean age 16.3 years) completed standardized assessments for substance use and other psychiatric disorders, aggressiveness, and social class. All boys met modified criteria for CD. Most had...

article

Human subject issues in drug abuse research - College on Problems of Drug Dependence

Martin W. Adler

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 167-175

Administration of drugs of abuse to human volunteers is an important and valuable clinical research procedure. The College on Problems of Drug Dependence recognizes the value and importance of such research and affirms its position that, with proper care, such research can be conducted safely and ethically. This report describes some of the procedures commonly used in human research with drugs of...

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The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function

Anthony A. Grace

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 111-129

The changes in dopamine system regulation occurring during stimulant administration are examined in relation to a new model of dopamine system function. This model is based on the presence of a tonic low level of extracellular dopamine that is released by the presynaptic action of corticostriatal afferents. In contrast, spike-dependent dopamine release results in a phasic, high concentration of...

article

Electroencephalographic correlates of marihuana-induced euphoria

Scott E. Lukas, Jack H. Mendelson, Richard Benedikt

Drug and Alcohol Dependence > 1995 > 37 > 2 > 131-140

The present study was conducted to determine if there is a neurophysiological correlate of marihuana-induced good effects or euphoria. Three groups of 6 male occasional marihuana smokers were prepared for electroencephalographic (EEG) recording and smoked either placebo or marihuana cigarettes containing 1.26% or 2.53% Δ ⁹ -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ ⁹ -THC) in a controlled laboratory...

INFONA - science communication portal

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Illegal drug taking and driving: patterns of drug taking among Spanish drivers

Patterns and covariates of alcohol drinking among high school students in 10 towns in Italy: a cross-sectional study

Cocaine use and risky injection and sexual behaviors

Therapeutic community methods in methadone maintenance (Passages): an open clinical trial

Drinking and unemployment: contrasting patterns among men and women

HIV risks, gender, and cocaine use among opiate users

Cocaine use and HIV risk behavior in methadone maintenance patients

Cocaine and crack use and HIV risk behaviors among high-risk methadone maintenance clients

Is antisocial personality disorder associated with increased HIV risk behaviors in cocaine users?

Results of the NIDA treatment demonstration grants' cocaine workgroup: characteristics of cocaine users and HIV risk behaviors

Relative reinforcing effects of different doses of orally delivered cocaine

The role of NMDA receptor systems in neuropeptide responses to stimulants of abuse

Interactions between dopamine and excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants

Unidimensionality of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome

Introduction to the role of excitatory amino acids in the actions of abused drugs: a symposium presented at the 1993 annual meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence

The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in dopaminergic neuropathology produced by the amphetamines

Treated delinquent boys' substance use: onset, pattern, relationship to conduct and mood disorders

Human subject issues in drug abuse research - College on Problems of Drug Dependence

The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function

Electroencephalographic correlates of marihuana-induced euphoria

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