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We establish experimentally and through simulations the economic and technical viability of dehydrating ethanol by means of azeotropic distillation, using a hydrocarbon as entrainer. The purpose of this is to manufacture a ready-to-use ethanol–hydrocarbon fuel blend. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this proposition, we have tested an azeotropic water–ethanol feed mixture, using a hydrocarbon...
In this experimental study, the ethanol/gasoline blend E85 was used as the primary fuel in a dual-fuel combustion concept. The E85 blend was injected at low pressure into the intake manifold and the mixture was ignited via a diesel fuel injection near top dead centre. The research engine was based on a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. Only the duration of the...
Bioethanol–gasoline blends represent an emerging direction in the attempts to reduce GHG emissions, urban and road-side pollution and to limit the use of fossil fuels in vehicle engines. As a result of the biofuel directives, an increasing number of vehicles is gradually adapting bioethanol–gasoline blends, and concerns are arising in context with their new and poorly studied emission profiles. Compared...
This work reports a new set of experimental data for the liquid–liquid equilibrium for {soybean oil+soybean oil ethyl esters+(ethanol+water)} systems at atmospheric pressure and at T=(298.15, 313.15 and 323.15)K, while pseudobinary solubility data were obtained for the system {soybean oil+(ethanol+water)} at temperatures from 278.15 to 348.15K. The liquid-phase compositions were measured by gravimetry,...
Partial replacement of fossil fuels by biomass based alternative fuels in aviation applications is considered as a possible option toward sustainability. The present work aims to study the changes in the flame characteristics and combustor performance in a cylindrical spray combustor when operated with kerosene and kerosene–ethanol blends. A laboratory scale combustor with two concentric air entries...
Ethanol is one of the main biobased molecule produced worldwide, mainly from corn and other starchy crops. In the past few years, one promising technology that has been claimed to reduce capital and operational costs of industrial plants and increase overall yields for ethanol is named ‘cold starch hydrolysis’. The saccharification is carried out at low temperatures (under starch gelatinization point)...
The paper describes an experimental study aimed to characterize the impact of the dual-fuel ethanol–diesel combustion system on size, number and chemical characteristics of the emitted carbonaceous particles. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder research engine provided with a modern architecture and properly modified in a dual-fuel (DF) configuration. In particular, the experimental campaign...
The scope of this experimental engine study was to explore the effect of charge air temperature on E85 ethanol/gasoline blend dual-fuel combustion. The E85 was injected in the intake manifold, while diesel fuel was direct injected into the cylinder with a common-rail injection system. The study focused on medium and high load conditions at 1500rpm. The diesel injection timing parameters were kept...
This work is focused on the esterification of fatty acids (commercial oleic mix) with zinc carboxylates (layered metal soap). About 25 experiments were performed, with and without catalyst, yielding a kinetic model based on the Eley–Rideal approach, able to predict fatty acid conversions under different conditions (molar ratio fatty acids/ethanol and temperature). An apparent first order reaction...
Shortage of fossil fuels requires from scientists to undertake investigation focused on applying alternative, renewable based fuels to a reciprocating engine. Among others, alcohols: methanol and ethanol are proposed as satisfactory fuels, that would be applied either as single fuels or blended with gasoline o diesel fuel. The paper describes impact of both methanol and E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)...
Toluene reference fuel (TRF) is a kind of surrogate fuel for diesel. Clarifying the combustion mechanism of TRF is a key to understand the combustion of diesel. Alcohols are added into diesel to reduce the soot emission from engines. The formation mechanism of soot precursors, i.e., polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the premixed laminar flames of TRF, methanol-TRF blend, ethanol-TRF blend, and...
The addition of oxygenated renewable fuels, such as ethanol or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) to standard gasoline may be necessary to comply with some environmental directives but could also prevent compliance with some fuel regulations and could also seriously change engine performance. From this point of view, the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), the distillation curve, the oxygen content and the density...
A photothermal chamber with a transparent transducer and a 1450nm laser were used to measure the water content of hydrated ethanol biofuel. The values of water content in the fuel samples assessed using the photothermal chamber were compared with reference values certified by Karl-Fischer titration. The results indicate good agreement between these two methodologies. Detection thresholds of 0.73 and...
Ethanol has the potential to improve engine efficiency and reduce harmful emissions when used as fuel in a spark-ignited engine. Ethanol is mostly supplied in a splash-blended form with gasoline or in a pure form; however, this is not an optimal way of using ethanol because the use of ethanol leads to increased brake specific fuel consumption. To fully utilize the merits of ethanol, on-demand control...
In this study, a fungal mash rich in hydrolytic enzymes was in-situ produced from the waste cake and was further applied for the hydrolysis of mixed food wastes. A well balanced nutrient stream containing a 127g/L glucose and 1.8g/L free amino nitrogen was produced from the enzymatic pretreatment of food wastes using this fungal mash at 24h. Using this solution as sole fermentation feedstock, 58g/L...
The influence of calcination temperature on the structural property and catalytic behavior of Ir/CeO2 for oxidative steam reforming of ethanol (OSR) was extensively investigated. In order to elucidate the structure–performance relationship, the as-prepared catalysts were characterized before and after catalytic test by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Temperature programmed...
In present study, repeated-batch fermentation in biofilm reactor was evaluated for ethanol production by using carob extract. Response surface method (RSM) was used to determine optimum initial sugar concentration, pH, and agitation in the constructed biofilm reactor. The optimum conditions for ethanol production in biofilm reactor were determined as initial sugar content of 7.71°Bx, pH of 5.18 and...
A combined detoxification process was investigated for ethanol fermentation with hemicellulose rich hydrolysates obtained from mixed hardwood and yellow poplar. Acetic acid was the most abundant compound in the hydrolysates, which also contained inhibitors such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Electrodialysis (ED) efficiently removed 100% of the acetic...
This paper presents an experimental study on combustion and emissions characteristics of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in which in-cylinder directly injected n-heptane combined with port injection (PI) of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol are used in a single-cylinder engine. The results show that when the overall lower heating values (LHVs) per-cycle is constant,...
This paper presents the results of research on the propensity of E10 petrol (defined by EN 228 standard as a petrol with a maximum oxygen content of 3.7wt.%) to form deposits in combustion chambers by using the method of determining the unwashed gum content EN ISO 6246 and by thermography TGA FLTM BZ-154-01. The aim of this is study was to examine samples of unleaded petrol 95 containing ethanol (EtOH)...
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