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Decreases in birth weight are among the most commonly reported effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in animals. However, these decreases are typically associated with relatively high doses of alcohol. Two studies were conducted. The first evaluated the effects of low doses of alcohol (0.15 and 0.30 g/kg) on birth weight and other measures. A second study examined the effects of a relatively high...
This section of the journal is designed to provide readers with reviews of recent literature, and to stimulate research on questions that are important in the treatment and prevention of alcohol addiction. Research can provide insight into the causes of alcohol abuse and addiction, as well as answers to questions concerning the biomedical and psychological consequences of alcohol consumption. The...
To evaluate the role of wine polyphenols and that of alcohol on lipid peroxidation indexes and membrane composition in the liver, 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 28 days with a commercial AIN-76 diet to which was added one of four different beverages: red wine, alcohol solution, dealcoholated wine, or water. The beverage provided 26% of the caloric intake. Peroxidation indexes and antioxidative...
The present study investigates the influence of long-term ethanol (EtOH) treatment of rats [10% (v/v) for 1, 4, 12, and 36 weeks] on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) content and liver aniline and p-nitrophenol hydroxylation. Total P450 per liver was stimulated after EtOH treatment for 1, 4, and 12 weeks. In the case of longer EtOH treatment no additional stimulation in P450 content was...
This study had three aims: 1) to cross-validate previously reported findings that sober alcoholics compared to nonalcoholic peers have reduced ERP P300 amplitudes to visual target stimuli at the Pz electrode; 2) to test the hypothesis that alcoholics from VA Hospital treatment programs will manifest more ERP indications of brain dysfunction than peer alcoholics from community treatment programs (paralleling...
Numerous human and animal studies suggest that certain genetic factors may increase an individual's vulnerability to excessive alcohol consumption. Human and animal studies suggest that some of the reinforcing effects of ethanol may be mediated by the endogenous opioid system. In human studies, plasma levels of subjects genetically at high risk for excessive alcohol consumption showed lower basal...
Nitrogen narcosis is often compared to alcohol intoxication, but no actual studies have been carried out in humans to test the comparability of these effects. If a common mechanism of action is responsible for the behavioral effects of these substances, biological variability of response to alcohol should correlate to that of nitrogen in the same individual. To test this hypothesis, subjective feelings...
Alcohol interacts with many neurotransmitter systems, including the endogenous opioid peptide system, which influences the mesolimbic dopamine system and is believed to be central to drug-induced reward. These observations emphasize the need to further characterize the alcohol-opioid system link. Two important clinical studies have shown that treatment with the systemically active opioid antagonist...
Urinary porphyrins and their metabolites aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) were determined in 15 normal volunteers and in 45 alcoholics, subdivided into three groups according to their liver function tests and histology: alcoholics exhibiting no evidence of hepatocellular damage; alcoholics with fatty liver and impaired function of liver enzymes; and alcoholics with proven liver...
Rats consume alcoholic beverages in a wide variety of circumstances. Opioid antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, decrease intake of many ingesta, including alcoholic beverages. Small doses of morphine increase intake of alcoholic beverages. Further, the effects of small doses of morphine are persistent and there is no sign that tolerance to morphine's ability to increase alcohol intake develops...
The pooled results from our Veterans Affairs studies are presented for 99 men. The naltrexone-treated subjects reported a reduction in alcohol craving and drinking, as well as less euphoria when they ingested alcohol. Relapse rates were significantly lower for the naltrexone-treated subjects than they were for placebo-treated subjects. Together with the consistent results from other double-blind...
Amperozide, a 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist, and naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, have been shown to suppress volitional drinking of alcohol in experimental animals. The present study examined the effects of the concurrent administration of both drugs on the volitional intake of alcohol in the selectively bred, high alcohol drinking (HAD) rat. Individual preferences for alcohol...
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of a double exposure to alcohol and lead in subjects from the printing industry, and the possible interaction between the two agents. Individuals were classified into four different groups: controls, lead-exposed individuals, alcohol consumers, and lead-exposed alcohol consumers. Chromosomal analysis was carried out according to...
Due to the important role of glial cells in brain maturation and reports on delayed astroglial proliferation following ethanol exposition, it was of great interest to examine the effects of the primary metabolite of ethanol-acetaldehyde-on astroglial cell growth. This was carried out by examining biochemical parameters of astroglial cells cocultured with Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO) transfected...
Genetically based alcohol sensitivity may influence the severity of alcohol-related birth defects. To examine this question, measures of growth and survival were examined in offspring of the alcohol sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) and alcohol-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mouse lines following prenatal ethanol exposure. Pregnant LS and SS mice received an ethanol dose of either 6 or 8 g/kg/day from days...
One substance abuse hypothesis proposes that rewarding effects of drugs are causally related to their psychostimulant effects. We examined this hypothesis by comparing operant self-administration of ethanol in mice selectively bred for either high (Fast) or low (Slow) locomotor stimulation response to ethanol. Mice were trained to lever press for ethanol using postprandial induction and were then...
Various lines of evidence support the view that ethanol is a neurochemical surrogate of conventional reinforcers, such as food and sex. In fact, ethanol activates central neuronal systems that utilize dopamine, opioids, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitters and also are activated by conventional reinforcers. These neurotransmitter systems are likely to mediate specific aspects of ethanol's...
Ethanol inhibition of NMDA receptor stimulation by the high-affinity selective agonist d,l-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (T5G) was studied using acutely dissociated neonatal whole-brain neurons loaded with the fluorescent indicator fura-2. T5G induced a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium with a maximal increase above basal of 70 nM at 16 μM T5G (EC 50 of 0.66 +/- 0.18...
Aminopeptidase A (APA)- and aminopeptidase M (APM)-like activity were assayed in Moni-Trol ES with l-α-aspartyl-β-naphthylamide and l-alanyl-β-naphthylamide, respectively. Upon preincubation of the serum with 89.4, 223.5, and 447 mM acetaldehyde at room temperature for 30 min, a reduction in 26.8%, 55.3%, and 75.8% aminopeptidase A activity was observed. Similarly, aminopeptidase M activity was...
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