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Crystal structures of more than two dozen different nuclear receptor ligand binding domains have defined a simple paradigm of receptor activation, in which agonist binding induces the activation function-2 (AF-2) helix to form a charge clamp for coactivator recruitment. Recent structural studies present a surprising contrast. Activation of the mouse LRH-1 receptor is independent of a bound agonist...
Alcohol cosolvents in conjunction with protein crosslinking can be used to stabilize functionally important structures in a signal transduction molecule.
The design of proteins with tailored functions remains a relatively elusive goal. Small size, a well-defined structure, and the ability to maintain structural integrity despite multiple mutations are all desirable properties for such designer proteins. Many zinc binding domains fit this description. We determined the structure of a PHD finger from the transcriptional cofactor Mi2β and investigated...
The La protein is an important component of ribonucleoprotein complexes that acts mainly as an RNA chaperone to facilitate correct processing and maturation of RNA polymerase III transcripts, but can also stimulate translation initiation. We report here the structure of the C-terminal domain of human La, which comprises an atypical RNA recognition motif (La225-334) and a long unstructured C-terminal...
The structure of apo-S100A11 reveals the key role of calcium-induced conformational change in triggering the release of the binding site for phospholipid binding protein annexin I.
Multistranded helical structures in nucleic acids play various functions in biological processes. Here we report the crystal structure of a hexamer, rU( Br dG)r(AGGU),at 1.5 A resolution containing a structural complex of an alternating antiparallel eight-stranded helical fragment that is sandwiched in two tetraplexes. The octaplex is formed by groove binding interaction and base tetrad...
The murine monoclonal antibody 26-2F neutralizes the angiogenic and ribonucleolytic activities of human angiogenin (ANG) and is highly effective in preventing the establishment and metastatic dissemination of human tumors in athymic mice. Here we report a 2.0 A resolution crystal structure for the complex of ANG with the Fab fragment of 26-2F that reveals the detailed interactions between ANG and...
The potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities of human type I interferons (IFNs) are mediated by a single receptor comprising two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The structure of the IFNAR2 IFN binding ectodomain (IFNAR2-EC), the first helical cytokine receptor structure determined in solution, reveals the molecular basis for IFN binding. The atypical perpendicular orientation of its two fibronectin...
S100A11 is a homodimeric EF-hand calcium binding protein that undergoes a calcium-induced conformational change and interacts with the phospholipid binding protein annexin I to coordinate membrane association. In this work, the solution structure of apo-S100A11 has been determined by NMR spectroscopy to uncover the details of its calcium-induced structural change. Apo-S100A11 forms a tight globular...
Glycosylasparaginase uses an autoproteolytic processing mechanism, through an N-O acyl shift, to generate a mature/active enzyme from a single-chain precursor. Structures of glycosylasparaginase precursors in complex with a glycine inhibitor have revealed the backbone in the immediate vicinity of the scissile peptide bond to be in a distorted trans conformation, which is believed to be the driving...
The first structure of a pre-mRNA processing factor bound to heptad repeats from the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is revealed in a crystal of capping guanylyltransferase complexed with a four-repeat phosphopeptide.
Though the three-dimensional structures of barley α-amylase isozymes AMY1 and AMY2 are very similar, they differ remarkably from each other in their affinity for Ca 2+ and when interacting with substrate analogs. A surface site recognizing maltooligosaccharides, not earlier reported for other α-amylases and probably associated with the different activity of AMY1 and AMY2 toward starch...
The structure of shikimate 5-dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the shikimate biosynthesis pathway and a member of a large enzyme family without clear structural peer, reveals a novel topological fold for the substrate binding domain and, through homology modeling, expands the possibilities for antimicrobial and herbicide design.
The structure of human phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) synthetase was determined at 2.3 A resolution. PPC synthetase is a dimer with identical monomers. Some features of the monomer fold resemble a group of NAD-dependent enzymes, while other features resemble the ribokinase fold. The ATP, phosphopantothenate, and cysteine binding sites were deduced from modeling studies. Highly conserved ATP binding...
Copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) forms a crucial component of the cellular response to oxidative stress by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide and water. Mutations in human CuZnSOD are associated with the development of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease). We have determined the structure of fully reduced bovine CuZnSOD to 1...
The notion that certain proteins lack intrinsic globular structure under physiological conditions and that the attainment of fully folded structure only occurs upon the binding of target molecules has been recently gaining popularity. We report here the solution structure of the PTB domain of the signaling protein Shc in the free form. Comparison of this structure with that of the complex form, obtained...
We report here the crystal structure of an SF3 DNA helicase, Rep40, from adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2). We show that AAV2 Rep40 is structurally more similar to the AAA + class of cellular proteins than to DNA helicases from other superfamilies. The structure delineates the expected Walker A and B motifs, but also reveals an unexpected ''arginine finger'' that directly implies the requirement...
Nudix hydrolases are a family of proteins that contain the characteristic sequence GX 5 EX 7 REUXEEXG(I/L/V), the Nudix box. They catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives such as ADP-ribose, Ap n A (3 =< n =< 6), NADH, and dATP. A number of Nudix hydrolases from several species, ranging from bacteria to humans, have been characterized,...
Cytosine deaminase (CD) catalyzes the deamination of cytosine and is only present in prokaryotes and fungi, where it is a member of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The enzyme is of interest both for antimicrobial drug design and gene therapy applications against tumors. The structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CD has been determined in the presence and absence of a mechanism-based inhibitor, at 1...
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