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The helix-loop-helix (HLH) family of transcription factors plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and tumourigenesis. Members of the Id (inhibitor of DNA binding) class of these nuclear proteins are able to heterodimerise with and thereby antagonise the functions of other transcription factors of this family. We report here on the genomic organisation of the human...
We have identified and cloned a novel member of the nuclear receptor superfamily from murine testis, referred to as retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor or RTR. Degenerate PCR primers homologous to two conserved regions of the DNA-binding domain of members of this superfamily were employed to identify this gene. The amino-acid sequence of RTR is most closely related to that of the...
Genomic clones of ECI-6 (endothelial cell inducible), the porcine IκBα gene that encodes a cytoplasmic inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB, were isolated, spanning the entire transcribed region plus 2.1 and 0.35 kb of 5′- and 3′-flanking sequences, respectively. The gene contains five introns ranging in size from 0.6 to 0.1 kb. Four of the introns are located in the coding regions for four...
The cloning and sequencing of the murine Mxil gene encoding Mxil, one of Max-associated proteins, is described. Murine and human sequences showed 87.9% nucleotide (nt) and 90.3% amino acid (aa) sequence homology, whereas murine and zebra fish sequences showed 67.2% nt and 67.8% aa sequence homology.
A rat jun-D genomic clone was isolated from a rat liver λEMBL3 library. Sequence analysis revealed a high sequence similarity with mouse jun-D, and relatively low similarity with human and chicken jun-D. In both the trans-activation and DNA-binding domains, however, the amino-acid sequences were well conserved among rat, mouse, human and chicken.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) structural gene (toxA), which encodes the exotoxin A protein has been shown to be regulated at the transcriptional level by a protein designated ToxR (also known as RegA). We have previously reported that ToxR directly enhances toxA transcription in vitro; however, in the absence of ToxR, Pa RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcribes toxA with low efficiency. In the present...
Cell- and stage-specific transcription of the myelin basic protein (MBP)-encoding gene (Mbp) in brain is regulated by arrays of cis-acting regulatory elements positioned at the 5 -flanking region of the gene. The proximal element between nucleotides -14 to -50, termed MB1, has previously been shown to have an important role in the cell-type-specific transcription of Mbp in cells derived from the...
The genes encoding human interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) are located on segment q23-31 of chromosome 5 and encode two multifunctional lymphokines with some common functions. We have cloned 72 kb of human genomic DNA that contain IL-4 and IL-13 and their flanking sequences, and constructed a restriction map of this region. Using Southern analysis, we have shown that IL-13 is located...
In an attempt to identify the cardiac-specific genes regulated by the transcription factor GATA-4, we have identified a putative GATA-binding site located within the 5 flanking sequence of the human cardiac α-myosin heavy-chain-encoding gene. The 23-bp sequence surrounding the core GATA-binding site is conserved across species. The core motif and flanking sequences of this GATA-binding site are...
Overexpression of the polymerase II transcription factor E subunit α mRNA (TFIIEα) in Escherichia coli with the pET3a expression vector [Studier et al., Methods Enzymol. 185 (1990) 60-89] results in the production of a 50-kDa N-truncated polypeptide in addition to the 57-kDa wild-type polypeptide. Microsequencing analysis of the 50-kDa truncated protein and verification of the TFIIEα mRNA, showed...
The human antithrombin III-encoding gene (hAT-III) promoter (phAT-III) was used to generate transgenic mice producing a human hepatic apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-II (hApoA-II). Integration of the transgene into the mouse genome resulted in the efficient production of hApoA-II in plasma, reaching up to 0.40 g/l in two transgenic lines. The human ApoA-II mRNA was detected at high levels, both...
Gene A4 is transcriptionally activated upon enterocyte differentiation of the human colonic epithelial cell line HT29-18 and its highly differentiated subclone HT29-18-C 1 [Oliva et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 302 (1993) 183-192]. To characterize the mechanisms regulating the differential transcription of A4, we analyzed its immediate 5 -flanking region for regulatory elements. Promoter-linked...
PEBP2 is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of α and β subunits. Previously, we reported two distinct mouse genes, PEBP2αA and PEBP2αB, which encode the α subunit. PEBP2αB is the homologue of humanAML1 , encoding the acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein. AML1 and human PEBP2CBFβ were detected independently at the breakpoints of two characteristic chromosome translocations observed frequently...
Redundant primers matching well-conserved sequences within vertebrate and invertebrate POU genes were used in the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to detect three different POU-domain-containing genes within the genome of the flatworm, Dugesia tigrina. Two of these genes appear to be close homologues of class-III POU genes previously identified in Dugesia japonica, while the third represents a new...
The gene encoding the human TATA-box-binding protein (hTBP) is contained within a 20-kb DNA fragment and is split into eight exons. The coding sequence is interrupted by six introns and the 5 -untranslated region (5 -UTR) of the gene by a 2.5-kb intron. A comparison of the hTBP exon/intron organization with the various TBP cloned to date is presented.
We have isolated a cDNA corresponding to the hamster peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor haPPARγ, a member of the steroid nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. haPPARγ mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue, and is expressed in lung, heart, kidney, liver and spleen to a lower extent. Thus, haPPARγ may function in activating the transcription of target genes in a...
The transcription factor GATA-3 contributes to the expression of several genes critical for T-cell function and development, including the T-cell receptor α and β chains. We report here the isolation of a human cDNA clone which encodes a 3 segment of a novel protein with three zinc fingers. This protein, which we termed G3B, can interact with GATA-3 in vitro. Its mRNA is expressed in T and B...
A cDNA clone encoding a Xenopus laevis (Xl) homologue of human transcription factor IID (TFIID) subunit p80 was isolated and sequenced. The deduced 618-amino-acid (aa) sequence was compared to the homologues from human, mouse, rat and Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). A highly conserved region exists in the central region among these species. In contrast, the C-terminal region has significant homology...
We have isolated four non-tissue-specific helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors from Xenopus laevis (Xl). While some are clearly orthologous to known mammalian HLH proteins, others have dramatic amino-acid differences in otherwise highly conserved protein domains. We propose that these changes arose following the tetraploidization of Xl approx. 30 Myr ago.
A precursor, p105, for one of the subunits (p50) of the NF-κB transcription factor, plays an important role in inducible expression of diverse cellular genes. p105 also functions as a cytoplasmic inhibitor for NF-κB, and the proteolytic processing of its inhibitory C-terminal region is required for generation of active NF-κB. Here, it is reported that the human p105 C-terminal region is phosphorylated...
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