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Apoptotic cells not only translocate phosphatidylserine to the outside of the membrane, they activate phospholipases that remodel their membranes resulting in the exposure and diffusion of altered phospholipids. These altered phospholipids include lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC) that is a ligand for CRP and is also antigenic for natural IgM antibodies. Furthermore, soluble LPC acts as a “find me” signal...
Earthworm innate immunity depends upon small and large leukocytes (coelomocytes) that synthesize and secrete humoral antimicrobial molecules (e.g. lysenin, fetidin, eiseniapore, coelomic cytolytic factor [CCF]; Lumbricin I). Small coelomocytes (cytotoxic) are positive (CD11a, CD45RA, CD45RO, CDw49b, CD54, β 2 -m and Thy-1 [CD90]; CD24; TNF-α) but negative using other mammalian markers. Large...
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