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The NBPF genes are members of a recently described gene family that has an intricate genomic organization. These genes can be subdivided into two subfamilies based on the presence of an intronic HERV(K) LTR insertion in the 5′ region. A recent report describes a functional implication for this insertion, claiming that only NBPF genes with this insertion are transcriptionally active [Illarionova, A...
Mucosa, comprising epithelial and dendritic cells, are the major sites for Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. There, DCs can capture incoming HIV-1 and in turn transfer virus to CD4 + T lymphocytes in a two-phase process, thereby initiating HIV-1 dissemination. We show that the glycosphingolipid Galactosyl Ceramide (GalCer), acting as mucosal epithelial receptor for...
Through yeast two-hybrid analysis and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we have identified a novel cellular AAV-2 Rep78/Rep68 interaction partner located predominantly in the cytoplasm. In public databases, it has been assigned as KCTD5, because of a region of high similarity to the cytoplasmic tetramerization domain of voltage-gated potassium channels. Whereas Rep/KCTD5 interaction relied on the region...
HTLV-I infection is associated with the development of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and the neuroinflammatory disease HAM/TSP. There are quantitative and qualitative differences in the antiviral cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response in ATL and HAM/TSP although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the HTLV-I Tax trans-activating protein is a transcriptional activator of CD40 ligand...
Two tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus variants were studied: mouse brain-adapted strain EK-328 and its derivate adapted to Hyalomma marginatum ticks. The tick-adapted virus exhibited small-plaque phenotype and slower replication in PEK cells, higher yield in ticks, decreased neuroinvasiveness in mice, increased binding to heparin-sepharose. A total of 15 nucleotide substitutions distinguished genomes...
Understanding of the structures and functions of the retroviral integrase (IN), a key enzyme in the viral replication cycle, is essential for developing antiretroviral treatments and facilitating the development of safer gene therapy vehicles. Thus, four MLV IN-mutants were constructed in the context of a retroviral vector system, harbouring either a substitution in the catalytic centre, deletions...
While both variants and types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are common, subtypes (2–10% sequence divergence in the L1 gene) have been considered to be rare. We searched GenBank and in-house databases using a 440 nt L1 fragment and identified 7, 30 and 10 subtypes/putative subtypes in the HPV genera Alpha, Beta and Gamma, respectively. The number of types/putative types in each genus was 54, 58 and...
Measles virus (MV), a morbillivirus that remains a significant human pathogen, can infect the central nervous system, resulting in rare but often fatal diseases, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Previous work demonstrated that MV was transmitted trans-synaptically and that, while a cellular receptor for the hemagglutinin (H) protein was required for MV entry, it was dispensable for subsequent...
Syncytin-1 has a physiological role during early pregnancy, as mediator of trophoblast fusion into the syncytiotrophoblast layer, hence allowing embryo implantation. In addition, its expression in nerve tissue has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Syncytin-1 is the env glycoprotein of the ERVWE1 component of the W family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV),...
Lentiviral transmission by transfer of infected colostrum and/or milk is considered to be highly efficient. In this study, postpartum transmission of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) from 10 naturally infected ewes to their 23 lambs was followed from the perinatal period throughout a four-year period. The lambs were allowed to suckle from their dam from birth through 32 weeks of age. Virus...
We have analyzed the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors in blocking the replication of negative-strand RNA viruses. In cells infected with the prototype negative strand virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), inhibiting Hsp90 activity reduced viral replication in cells infected at both high and low multiplicities of infection. This inhibition was observed using two Hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and...
A virus pseudotyped with glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) can enter various cell types at a relatively high titer. We observed that the amount of viral antigen from VSV-G pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) producing cells was much higher than that from their non-pseudotyped counterparts. This enhanced viral antigen production was not observed when we used HIV-1...
Heterozygosity for the CCR5 Δ32 allele is associated with delayed progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Here we describe an unusual HIV-1 isolate from the blood of an asymptomatic individual who was heterozygous for the CCR5 Δ32 allele and had reduced levels of CCR5 expression. The primary virus used CCR5, CXCR4, and an unusually broad range of alternative coreceptors...
Parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5), formerly known as simian virus 5 (SV5), is a non-segmented negative strand RNA virus that offers several advantages as a vaccine vector. PIV5 infects many cell types causing little cytopathic effect, it replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and does not have a DNA phase in its life cycle thus avoiding the possibility of introducing foreign genes into the...
This study investigates the role of the proviral transcriptional enhancer for B-lymphoma induction by exogenous Akv murine leukemia virus. Infection of newborn inbred NMRI mice with Akv induced 35% plasma cell proliferations (PCPs) (consistent with plasmacytoma), 33% diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 25% follicular B-cell lymphomas and few splenic marginal zone and small B-cell lymphomas. Deleting one...
Successful HIV-1 infection requires a number of specific stages leading to integration of the provirus. We previously suggested that members of the VPAC neuroendocrine receptor family may play a role in HIV-1 infection. We now show that stimulation of the VPAC2 receptor with specific agonists provides strong resistance to HIV-1 infection. Daily stimulation of VPAC2, but not VPAC1 or PAC1, resulted...
Infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induces an atypical pulmonary disease with a high lethality rate. Although the initial SARS epidemic was contained, sporadic outbreaks of the disease still occur, suggesting a continuous need for a vaccine against this virus. We therefore explored exosome-based vaccines containing the spike S proteins of SARS-CoV. S-containing exosomes were...
Our previous results have shown that some residues of V protein-specific domain in human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) are essential not only for STAT protein degradation but also for promoting virus growth. Here, we demonstrated that the virus growth of these recombinant hPIV2s (rPIV2) expressing mutated V proteins were improved in HeLa cell transiently expressing the wild-type V protein, but...
In specific cell types infected with the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV), addition of virus-specific antibodies results in redistribution of cell-surface-anchored viral proteins. This redistribution is triggered by the viral protein gE and consists of the directional movement of the antibody–antigen complexes to one pole of the cell. This viral capping process...
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