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In February 2016, the SuperKEKB positron-electron high-luminosity collider of the KEK laboratory (Tsukuba, Japan) started being commissioned. A dedicated commissioning detector, named BEAST2, has been used to characterize beam backgrounds before the Belle2 detector is rolled into the beams and to provide tuning parameters for Monte Carlo simulations. BEAST2 consists of a fiberglass support structure...
Trigger and data acquisition systems (TDAQ) of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments intensively use time measurements for calibration of signals and synchronization between their different elements. Typically, electronics systems for time measurement are designed using a classical mixed-signal approach, while all-digital architectures are nowadays being explored and studied by state-of-art research...
High-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are key components in a huge variety of systems, including trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) systems of Nuclear and Sub-nuclear Physics experiments. Over the last decades, the sample rate and dynamic range of high-speed ADCs underwent a continuous growth and it required the development of suitable interface protocols, such as the new JESD204B serial...
We present uSOP, a multipurpose single board computer designed board for deep embedded applications in controls and monitoring of detectors, sensors as well as complex research instruments.
Typically, TDAQ systems of High Energy Physics experiments, require time measurements, for example in synchronization or calibration activities. Usually, mixed-signal design is used for the design of time measurement circuits, but in the recent past the research is also studying all-digital design, that have many advantages with respect to the previous approach. In this work, we present a full-digital...
In this paper, experimental results obtained by small-angle neutron scattering technique applied to solutions of lysozyme are presented. The system has been studied by changing the concentration of the macromolecules and, at a fixed concentration, by changing the dielectric constant of the solvent (mixture of water and dioxane). — The data were interpreted in terms of a phenomenological model for...
In the present work some characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of biological macromolecules are presented. — Experimental results (obtained by means of rheological measurements, ultrasonic techniques, elastic and quasi-elastic light scattering and neutron scattering) reveal the presence of long-ranged structures exhibiting a thixotropic behavior. Such structures, built-up gradually in the...
Empirical investigations in scientific literature have highlighted the differences between the stakeholders’ perceptions of a given drought phenomenon’s severity and the results of scientific - technical evaluation. This means that there can be several perceptions of the phenomenon, and the scientific models used to assess the drought’s severity do not consider these differences. Facing a drought...
Phase-locked loops (PLLs) play a key role in electronic systems used in high energy physics experiments. They are often used as jitter cleaners or as a building blocks of high-speed serial transceivers deployed in trigger and data acquisition systems. A PLL includes analog sub-components and it generally requires to be implemented as a full custom block in an integrated circuit (IC). A technology...
The above-mentioned measurements, on crystals, photodetectors and optical couplings, performed at INFN and ENEA laboratories and irradiation facilities, represent a thorough study of options, that will allow the optimal solution for the upgrade of the Belle II end cap calorimeter to be found.
Digitally-controlled delay lines (DCDLs) play a key role in timing distribution for trigger and data acquisition systems (TDAQ) of high energy Physics (HEP), where it is often necessary to add an open-loop fine-grained programmable phase delay to distributed clocks and/or data lines. In this work, we present the performance of DCDLs implemented according to an all-digital novel architecture. The architecture...
Modern FPGA devices, with high-speed multi-gigabit transceiver resources, together with great amount of logic gates, clock conditioning modules, availability of RAM memory blocks and re-programmability on the field, are among the most widely used electronics components in the Trigger and Data Acquisition systems in High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments.
High-speed optical links are often used in trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) systems of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments for data transfer, triggering and fast control distribution. Requirements of system integration, flexibility and re-programmability suggest the use of SERDESes embedded in SRAM-based FPGAs as a communication layer for off-detector electronics. The most attractive link architecture,...
S-LINK [1] is a custom data transmission protocol developed at CERN, which has been used in some of the data acquisition systems of the LHC experiments. S-LINK was released in the late '90s and is based on a simple FIFO-like user interface, which remains independent of the technology used to implement the physical layer.
SuperB is a novel, high-luminosity (1036cm−2s−1), asymmetric e+e- collider to be built at the future Cabibbo Laboratory, in the campus of the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy). A detector aimed at studying the B physics will be installed in this facility. High-speed serial links will be used for trigger, control and data read-out. The on-detector ends of the links will have to withstand a hadron...
SuperB is a novel, high-luminosity (1036cm−2s−1), asymmetric e+e- collider to be built at the future Cabibbo Laboratory, in the campus of the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy). A detector aimed at studying the B physics will be installed in this facility. High-speed serial links will be used for trigger, control and data read-out. The on-detector ends of the links will have to withstand a hadron...
The Timing Trigger and Control (TTC) system is a crucial part of all the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is an optical distribution network which delivers to the detectors' electronics, with low jitter and skew, the timing and synchronization signals of the LHC machine and the trigger information of the experiments.
The paper presents the preliminary results of a scientific initiative aiming at the definition and implementation of innovative management options to mitigate the environmental impacts of groundwater pumping in coastal aquifers. In fact seawater intrusion in such aquifers is very often caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater mainly due to the increasing water demand in the agricultural sector...
In the real world, environmental decision-making takes place in a highly interconnected environment, in which neither the decisional ramifications of a management action, nor the complexity of its impact, can be neglected. A fuzzy conflict measure is proposed in this contribution to support drought management. The proposed approach allows to detect, analyse and measure conflicts between the different...
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