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This paper presents mathematical and general models of electronic money systems. The goal of the paper is to propose a first framework in which various kinds of e-money systems can be uniformly represented and their security properties can be evaluated and compared. We introduce two kinds of e-money system models; a note-type e-money system model and a balance-type e-money system model. We show that...
An investigation into relationships among search methods, topic types, and styles of relevant Web pages was conducted using the "NTCIR-4 Web test collection for navigational retrieval", which was built for evaluating the retrieval effectiveness of Web search systems aiming to find representative Web pages of a given object. First, "known item search", the task of the test collection,...
AbstractA 72-year-old female with intradiploic haemangioma associated with epidural haematoma is reported. MRI finding of the lesion is described. The cause of the epidural haematoma is speculated due to fragile vessels attached directly to dura mater through the pores of the inner table of the diplo.
Genetic relationships between body measurements and growth traits at performance testing of bull calves and field carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle were estimated using a two-trait sire and maternal grandsire model with REML procedure. Covariances between performance test and carcass traits were obtained from across environment analyses. Performance test traits included wither height, chest...
A technology is proposed for the fabrication of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) having a large number of device layers, referred to as `cumulatively bonded IC' (CUBIC) technology wherein several thin-film devices are bonded cumulatively. The technology was used to fabricate a two-active-layer device having a bulk-Si NMOSFET lower layer and a thinned NMOSFET upper layer. The CUBIC technology,...
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