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The proliferation of estimation algorithms for Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) makes performance analysis and comparison between different techniques a challenging task. This paper presents a testbed conceived to perform a flexible and accurate characterization of different estimation algorithms in various testing conditions reported in the IEEE Standard C37.118.1-2011 and its Amendment C37.118.1a-2014...
This paper proposes the use of Synchronous Ethernet in networks with multiple paths for the synthesis of a precise frequency reference for distributed measurement systems. The paper presents novel approach based on a Kalman filter with outlier identification and removal followed by a linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The algorithm, to be implemented within a network element, is able to synthetize...
In this work we address the problem of static state estimation (SE) in distribution grids by leveraging historical meter data (pseudo-measurements) with real-time measurements from synchrophasors (PMU data). We present a Bayesian linear estimator based on a linear approximation of the power flow equations for distribution networks, which is computationally more efficient than standard nonlinear weighted...
The joint use of clock synchronization and syntonization can provide extremely high accuracy in industrial and telecom applications. However, in typical implementations of Synchronous Ethernet , only one frequency source at a time is selected for node syntonization (even in the presence of redundant networks with multiple paths), thus losing useful information. In this paper, an algorithm able to...
Clock synchronization is essential to support time-based medium access scheduling and distributed control over industrial networks relying on Real-Time Ethernet (RTE). PROFINET IO is one of the most widely used field-buses in large automation plants. The PROFINET IO Isochronous Real Time (IRT) implementation includes a Precision Transparent Clock Protocol (PTCP) for network-level synchronization....
An increasing number of distributed measurement and control applications requires that network nodes are able to estimate the position and the time measured by other devices on a common spatio-temporal reference frame. Accurate packet timestamping is a necessary condition to achieve this goal. However, in the case of wireless networks, timestamping accuracy is generally quite poor due to the combination...
Indoor position tracking systems are essential to support new types of applications for domotics and elderly care services. Unfortunately, while locating moving objects (e.g., people in a room) typically requires accuracy in the order of a few tens of cm, the intrinsically crowded nature of indoor environments (e.g., due to the presence of obstacles and/or multiple targets) as well as manifold sources...
Real-time trajectory tracking and control is a well-known problem in robotics which has recently become very interesting also for automotive industry, due to the need for constantly improving car comfort and safety. While several solutions for vehicle trajectory control already exist, assuring fast, accurate and reliable tracking using low-cost devices is still a challenging problem. In this paper...
Assuring very accurate time synchronization across wide area industrial networks is still an open issue, which even the second version of the Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) has not been able to solve completely. This is due to the accumulation of many uncertainty contributions when PTP event messages are routed from the master clock to the slave one through multiple network nodes. Peer-to-peer transparent...
Time synchronization of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes is essential in those applications requiring distributed task scheduling or data aggregation and fusion. In this paper, a new synchronization procedure based on a distributed Proportional Integral (PI) consensus controller is described. Compared to other similar solutions, the proposed approach keeps into account the effect of random communication...
Slave servo clocks have an essential role in hardware and software synchronization techniques based on Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The objective of servo clocks is to remove the drift between slave and master nodes, while keeping the output timing jitter within given uncertainty boundaries. Up to now, no univocal criteria exist for servo clock design. In fact, the relationship between controller...
Flexible, distributed monitoring systems are essential to support decisions in a variety of contexts such as, for instance, vehicular traffic control, emergency evacuation plans, energy optimization services, pollutant detection or intelligent agriculture applications. In this paper, we present WSNAP, a platform for wireless sensor network (WSN) deployment. WSNAP relies on standard technologies, which...
The accurate design of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) for radio frequency (RF) architectures (e.g., reconfigurable transceivers) relies on suitable models describing the static and, above all, the dynamic electromechanical and electromagnetic behaviour of moveable structures. Such models usually include multiple parameters, whose values depend on the adopted manufacturing technology, as well...
Time synchronization of wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes is essential to schedule orderly communication and monitoring tasks. In this paper, a synchronization algorithm based on linear control theory is used to compensate at run-time both time offsets and clock frequency skews. The proposed approach is innovative for two reasons. First of all, the controller correcting the local timers is able...
Operational lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes is crucial in a variety of monitoring applications. As the radio chip is usually the most power-hungry component in small, low-cost WSN devices, battery lifetime can be extended by reducing the duty-cycle of the radio module. In fact, the wireless chip could be switched on just to run the tasks of the considered application, while it could...
Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essential to coordinate activities distributed among different nodes. In recent years many protocols have been proposed to achieve high-accuracy synchronization. However, up to now only few researchers focused their attention on the issue of trading the number of periodic synchronization events for target accuracy. In fact, the synchronization...
Energy consumption is one of the most crucial design issues in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and largely depends on energy-efficient communication protocols. In order to improve the lifetime of a WSN, the cross-layer optimization technique can potentially be used to jointly optimize the power consumption behavior between various layers of the protocol stack. In this paper we propose a finite state...
The problem of how to choose the best estimation method for a measurand value when repeated measurements of the input quantities to a nonlinear model are performed is not clearly addressed in the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. In this paper, this issue is tackled by analyzing and comparing the effect of both definitional and acquisition uncertainty contributions on the overall...
This paper deals with an accurate stochastic model describing the uncertainty associated with people counting systems based on smart video cameras. The proposed analysis paves the way to the definition of some criteria to perform the metrological characterization of such systems as well as to improve their accuracy, regardless of their specific technology.
In this paper a simple model enabling the estimation of the average power dissipated by a generic Bluetooth device in real operating conditions is described. The theoretical analysis underlying the model definition is based on the latest version of the Bluetooth specifications. The proposed model paves the way to the implementation of an accurate power consumption simulator that could used for the...
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