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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been shown to compartmentalize within various tissues, including the brain. However, the evolution of viral quasispecies in the setting of drug abuse has not been characterized. The goal of this study was to examine viral evolution in the cerebral compartment of morphine-dependent and control macaques to determine...
Using background data that live vaccines against several viral pathogens are effective in inducing life-long protection against disease, we undertook studies in macaques to determine the duration of protection that two live SHIV vaccines could induce against AIDS. Earlier studies had established that macaques immunized once with a live vaccine and challenged 6 months later were protected, and that...
We analyzed the association between the evolution of the V3–V5 regions of env and disease progression in our SIV/SHIV macaque model of morphine dependence and AIDS. Previous studies revealed two distinct disease patterns—fast progression and normal progression. To determine the effect of the two distinct patterns of disease in the evolution of SIV/17E-Fr envelope, we analyzed env sequences from three...
We earlier reported that immunization of macaques with a reverse transcriptase-deleted SHIV KU2 (ΔrtSHIV KU2 ) plasmid that contained HIV-1(HXB2) env and SIV gag–nef induced protection against AIDS caused by challenge virus SHIV89.6P with a heterologous env. We further deleted vif and integrase from ΔrtSHIV KU2 and substituted the 3′LTR with SV40 poly A sequences, creating...
To evaluate the vaccine potential of SHIVs attenuated by deletion of viral accessory genes, seven rhesus macaques were sequentially immunized with ΔvpuΔnefSHIV-4 (vaccine-I) followed by ΔvpuSHIV PPC (vaccine-II). Despite the absence of virological evidence of productive infection with the vaccine strains, based on analysis of infectivity among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)...
Use of the macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis has shown that the accessory genes nef and vpu are important in the pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). We examined the ability of two nonpathogenic SHIVs, SHIV PPC and ΔvpuΔnefSHIV PPC , to gain pathogenicity by rapid serial passage in macaques...
Therapeutic intervention with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can lead to the suppression of HIV viremia below the threshold of detection for several years. However, impact of HAART on reconstitution of virus-specific immune responses remains poorly understood. In this study, four macaques were infected with pathogenic SHIV KU . One week postinoculation two of the four animals...
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