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Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue dependent on diffusion mainly from synovial fluid to service its metabolic requirements. Levels of oxygen (O2) in the tissue are low, with estimates of between 1 and 6%. Metabolism is largely, if not entirely, glycolytic, with little capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. Notwithstanding, the tissue requires O2 and consumes it, albeit at low rates. Changes...