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Background Dysregulation of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway has been identified in many human malignancies. However, it remains unclear whether this pathway is activated in human lung adenocarcinoma. Methods We investigated the expression of the SHH ligand and its downstream molecules, such as glioma-associated oncogene homologue (GLI)-1, GLI-2, GLI-3, and ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2),...