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This chapter describes the sources of radioactive and non-radioactive contamination in the Arctic and Nordic Seas. The primary and secondary sources of radioactivity in the study region are enumerated and described in Section 1.1. Section 1.2 focuses on a detailed description of three major Russian nuclear industries: (1) the Mayak Production Association, Chelyabinsk; (2) the Siberian Chemical Combine,...
This chapter presents an assessment of the risk of radiological impact on humans as a consequence of the potential release of radioactive material. Although it is clearly beyond the scope of this chapter to provide a comprehensive risk assessment of all potential environmental and human impacts from all scenarios of radioactive releases in Arctic marine and terrestrial realms, we are able to focus...
This chapter describes the geography of the study region and the observational environmental data used in these analyses. The geographical and oceanographic features of the study region are described in Section 2.1, which is organized in three sub-sections: the Ob′ and Yenisei River systems, the Kara Sea region, and the Nordic Seas and adjacent seas. Section 2.2 presents an overview of the environmental...
The Arctic Ocean is threatened with contamination not only from the spread of radionuclides (Chapters 1, 3, and 4) but also by other toxic pollutants—for example, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), petroleum hydrocarbons, and heavy metals (AMAP, 2004, 2009)—see also the latter sections in Chapter 1. Although the levels of many POPs have recently declined in the Arctic environment (AMAP, 2009),...
This chapter is dedicated to study of the spread of radioactivity in the Arctic using the generic model system (GMS) described in Chapter 3. Two sets of numerical experiments were carried out: (1) simulations or “hindcasts” of past contamination by anthropogenic radionuclides, originating from nuclear bomb testing, atmospheric fallout from Chernobyl, discharges from the Sellafield Reprocessing Plant,...
This chapter presents a set of numerical modeling techniques for simulating the spread of radioactivity in the aquatic environment, in both marine and inland waters. Section 3.1 describes the concept and structure of the modeling system. Section 3.2 presents a model for the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Section 3.3 presents a shelf sea model for the Kara Sea. Section 3.4 describes in detail the river...
“Polar Seas Oceanography” describes a new tool called the Generic Model System for simulations and assessment of potential radioactive spreading in the Arctic regions, through rivers, estuaries, regional seas and the Arctic and Atlantic basin. It considers the present and future potential for spreading of radionuclear pollution from sources, such as from the major Russian processing plants through...
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