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Recent studies report that two types of El Niño events have been observed. One is the cold tongue El Niño or Eastern Pacific El Niño (EP El Niño), which is characterized by relatively large sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern Pacific, and the other is the warm pool El Niño (a.k.a. ‘Central Pacific El Niño’ (CP El Niño) or ‘El Niño Modoki’), in which SST anomalies are confined to...