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Background Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and powerful tool for elucidating genetic controls and for crop improvement and its use has been reported in a growing number of important food crops, including recently Fragaria. In order to inform application of the technology in Fragaria, we targeted the visible endogenous marker gene PDS (phytoene desaturase) in diploid Fragaria vesca ssp....
Medical countermeasures to treat biothreat agent infections require broad-spectrum therapeutics that do not induce agent resistance. A cell-based high-throughput screen (HTS) against ricin toxin combined with hit optimization allowed selection of a family of compounds that meet these requirements. The hit compound Retro-2 and its derivatives have been demonstrated to be safe in vivo in mice even at...
Spectrum whitespaces and dynamic spectrum sharing have become important and interesting topics in recent years. The USA authorized the use of TV whitespaces in 2008 and the UK and Canada followed suit in early 2015. In light of the PCAST report of 2012, additional bands are being evaluated for spectrum sharing in the USA and abroad. With the increasing momentum of spectrum whitespaces, it is more...
While some whitespace devices will be self-sufficient (“masters”), others will rely on help from other devices in order to access the whitespaces (“slaves”). Currently, this help is provided by a single master device. In this paper, we argue that (1) this assistance need not be provided by a single device and (2) the assisting device need not be a whitespace device. Instead, we can think of the “slave”...
Spectrum has traditionally been allocated for single uses and by now most of the “prime” spectrum has well-entrenched incumbent users. When a new service needs spectrum, there are two qualitatively distinct ways of making bandwidth available for it. A swath of incumbent users can be removed from a band, with the cleared band being reallocated for the new service. Alternatively, the new users can be...
The GSM network is the largest network on Earth, providing vital communications service to billions of people. Yet hundreds of millions of people live outside the coverage of existing cellular providers. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a new model of cellular connectivity, community cellular, that has the potential to bring coverage to extremely rural populations. Although the total capital...
In this paper, we consider the problem of granting whitespace access to devices which have neither certified sensing capabilities nor a means of direct geolocation. These devices, called “slaves,” use a nearby “master” device to assist in determining which channels are available for secondary use. Such devices must be supported since even a “master” device which uses GPS for geolocation will need...
The TV whitespaces represent an incredible opportunity for innovation. Along with this opportunity come significant challenges: the whitespaces are very heterogeneous in terms of channel availability as well as quality. This poses a challenge to anyone wishing to achieve uniform or even similar quality of service nationwide. In this paper, we consider using heterogeneity in the emissions limits to...
The idea of modeling an unknown channel using a broadcast channel was first introduced by Cover1 in 1972. This paper builds on his line of thought to consider priority encoding of communication over unknown channels without feedback, using fixed-length codes and from a single-shot, individual channel perspective. A ratio-regret metric is used to understand how well we can perform with respect to the...
The TV whitespaces have recently been opened up for semi-unlicensed use by frequency-agile radios. However, there is a potentially significant flaw in the adopted rules: they try to treat the whitespaces in a manner similar to the ISM bands — with per-device transmit-power constraints. Unfortunately, wireless interference aggregates and the population density across the United States of America varies...
The November 2008 FCC ruling allowing access to the television white-spaces prompts a natural question. What is the magnitude and geographic distribution of the opportunity that has been opened up? This paper takes a semi-empirical perspective and uses the FCC's database of television transmitters, USA census data from 2000, and standard wireless propagation and information-theoretic capacity models...
Tomato Cf genes confer resistance to C. fulvum, reside in complex loci carrying multiple genes, and encode predicted membrane-bound proteins with extracytoplasmic leucine-rich repeats. At least two Cf-9 homologs confer novel C. fulvum resistance specificities. Comparison of 11 genes revealed 7 hypervariable amino acid positions in a motif of the leucine-rich repeats predicted to form a β-strand/β-turn...
In plants, resistance to pathogens is frequently determined by dominant resistance genes, whose products are proposed to recognize pathogen-encoded avirulence gene (Avr) products. The tomato resistance locus Cf-2 was isolated by positional cloning and found to contain two almost identical genes, each conferring resistance to isolates of tomato leaf mould (C. fulvum) expressing the corresponding Avr2...
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