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GC (Ground to Cloud) strokes are specifically observed in winter along the coast of the Sea of Japan, characterized by high range-normalized amplitudes and bipolar waveforms in their electromagnetic radiation. The strokes cause severe transmission line faults, but their modeling, which is necessary to estimate current parameters from electromagnetic radiation, has not been reached to agreement yet...
It was revealed that serious lightning faults of high voltage power transmission lines in winter along the coastal area of the Sea of Japan were due to upward lightning initiated from transmission towers. Wind turbines in the same region, reportedly suffer from high lightning fault rate, must also generate frequent upward lightning. Taking account of the aerological data which indicate the heights...
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