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The complexity of the Mobile Backhaul (MBH) and the unpredictability of the mobile traffic represents a network operation challenge. Increasing the automation of the transport service management by introducing the Self Organizing Networks (SON) concept to MBH can significantly simplify the network configuration process, reduce the cost of operation and maintenance and improve the network efficiency...
Radio resources in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems are distributed among User Equipments (UE) without considering the application and content being transmitted. When the radio capacity is fully utilized, the bearer based service strategy aiming to maximize the spectral efficiency may not support good customer experience for popular Over The Top (OTT) applications where each session has an individual...
This chapter discusses the modeling and dimensioning aspects of a mobile backhaul (MBH) serving long‐term evolution (LTE) U‐plane traffic. MBH networks should be dimensioned to provide reliable service to the users. The dimensioning of the MBH is an iterative and complex process, requiring the use of dedicated models capable of capturing the relevant behavioral aspects of the user (mobility, traffic...
Long Term Evolution (LTE) subscribers expect seamless Quality of Experience (QoE) during their ubiquitous Internet access. Due to the high degree of application and content diversity, the amount of system resources that enable good QoE is application session specific and varies on a wide scale. Accordingly, good QoE requires dynamic and adaptive application session level resource management. The standard...
In Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems both radio and transport congestion might occur due to the increasing data traffic generated by smart devices accessing popular Internet applications. Packets arriving at a congested resource experience increased delay, random discards and eventually tail drops as a consequence of network side buffer overflows. The LTE system delegates congestion management to...
YouTube is a prominent Over The Top (OTT) application increasingly used on mobile devices for watching online videos. Due to the mobile environment, cellular technology specific reasons and the delivery mechanism adopted by YouTube, providing seamless customer experience is not straightforward. Being a popular application whose availability is important from customer satisfaction point of view, operators...
Long Term Evolution (LTE) evolved Node Bs (eNB) have dedicated buffers for each Radio Access Bearer (RAB) implemented at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer to receive and prepare user data for transmission over the air interface. These buffers multiplex the connections established by the active applications of a single user. Modern applications use the Transmission Control Protocol...
Due to the joint evolution of mobile applications and cloud services, mobile users routinely act as both content consumers and producers. Nowadays there is an increasing trend in both the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) data traffic, which are predominantly Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based. Simultaneous DL and UL TCP transmission over an asymmetric link causes significant throughput degradation...
Serving online applications and commercial web sites with low latency is business critical. As content requests originate from geographically distant locations and increasingly from mobile devices, globally ensuring service quality is challenging. The content is delivered to the clients predominantly via the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), therefore optimal TCP operation over radio access is...
Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) is a Self-Organising Networks (SON) use case with the scope of detecting and resolving radio overload. In case of overload, the MLB triggers the handover of cell edge users towards less loaded neighbour cells to better align the traffic demand with the capacity available on the air interface. This, however, also increases the load on the transport links of these cells;...
Due to the evolution of mobile technology and the emergence of terminals like smart phones, Internet based applications mostly accessed over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) have become dominant on mobile platforms. However, since the TCP flow control mechanisms were designed for wired environments, short-term degradations on the air interface of radio access systems may lead to unnecessary...
Self-Organising Network (SON) use cases are seen as key enablers of efficient Long Term Evolution (LTE) system operation. Mobility Load Balancing Optimisation (LB) is a prominent SON use case defined by 3GPP with the scope of balancing the load in a given coverage area by reconfiguring the handover thresholds. When overload is detected at a given cell, the LB reduces the handover thresholds of those...
Evolved HSPA is a major evolutionary step of the WCDMA based 3GPP technology that provides high end user data rate and increased cell throughput. It can be deployed over the legacy 3G architecture, but an alternative packet based, flat architectural solution is introduced too, that enables the later transition to LTE. Smooth transition requires that the new, flat systems are first deployed as complementary...
LTE has a distributed system architecture optimized for IP connectivity. Circuit switched technology is not supported by LTE at all; therefore it provides VoIP based voice service only. In LTE, VoIP packets are carried with significant protocol overhead, thus transporting each voice packet separately is a waste of bandwidth. A possible way to improve the bandwidth efficiency of voice service over...
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