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Smart health care, smart transportation, smart buildings, smart homes, smart water networks and smart electric grids may form the main parts of future smart cities. Standard communication protocols facilitate interconnectivity between software components and assure interoperability between different stakeholders of these components. For electric grids, standards introduce an open Smart Grid for liberalized...
Distributed generators (DGs) in Smart Grids should actively participate in the grid control of active power (P), reactive power (Q), frequency (f), and voltage (U) through their grid interfaces, namely inverters. As these DGs are joining the existing conventional power systems and for smooth transition towards Smart Grids, these DGs must follow the existing grid control, which is used by the UCTE...
Distributed energy resources (DERs) of Smart Grids should actively participate in the control of grid state variables frequency and voltage through their interfaces, namely inverters. As these DERs are joining the existing conventional power systems, they must follow the existing grid control. However, standard communication between utilities and consumers who own these DERs is needed for the grid...
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are rapidly penetrating in power systems including their accompanying software and hardware (SW/HW) systems that are also distributed and related to different manufacturers and owners. Information integration and interoperability are two problems in distributed systems. This paper presents a comparison between the available integration middleware and standards for...
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