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We investigate the impact of irrecoverable read errors-also known as bad blocks-on the MTTDL of mirrored disks, RAID level 5 arrays and RAID level 6 arrays. Our study is based on the data collected by Bairavasundaram et al. from a population of 1.53 million disks over a period of 32 months. Our study indicates that irrecoverable read errors can reduce the mean time to data loss (MTTDL) of the three...
Digital archives are growing rapidly, necessitating stronger reliability measures than RAID to avoid data loss from device failure. Mirroring, a popular solution, is too expensive over time. We present a compromise solution that uses multi-level redundancy coding to reduce the probability of data loss from multiple simultaneous device failures. This approach handles small-scale failures of one or...
Galois field implementations are central to the design of many reliable and secure systems, with many systems implementing them in software. The two most common Galois field operations are addition and multiplication; typically, multiplication is far more expensive than addition. In software, multiplication is generally done with a look-up to a pre-computed table, limiting the size of the field and...
We propose increasing the survivability of data stored in two-dimensional RAID arrays by causing these arrays to reorganize themselves whenever they detect a disk failure. This reorganization will rebalance as much as possible the redundancy level of all stored data, thus reducing the potential impact of additional disk failures. It remains in effect until the failed disk gets repaired. We show how...
We define and analyze the ACATS declustering scheme for use with the classic Level 5 as well as MDS RAIDs. ACATS provides a paradigm for distributed sparing and checking as well. Using Markov models we calculate the reliability of classic Level 5 as well as MDS RAIDs both with and without ACATS. Our results demonstrate, for fixed hardware configurations, trade-offs between performance and reliability...
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