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Most of the research to estimate voltage sags cost was based on the end-user side. However in many cases there is not enough information to carry out the cost calculation based on the specific end-user losses. Therefore, utilities must have an alternative method to quantify costs due to voltage sags. This paper introduces the estimation of voltage sags cost based on the momentary reduction of the...
Power lines performance has traditionally been assessed in terms of their efficiency and reliability. The increase of the effect of voltage sags on sensitive loads may be located far away from the faulted line, claims for a new analysis of line performance. A new method to evaluate power lines performance is proposed and compared with the previous ones based on the power line reliability. The results...
The authors report a gate array based on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and using ECL/CML (emitter-coupled-logic/current-mode-logic) circuits. The transistors employed have f/sub t/ values up to 43 GHz. Frequency dividers based on gate-array macrocells have shown flip-flop toggle rates up to 7.0 GHz. A device technology and circuit approach targeted at ultrahigh speeds are used. The HBTs...
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