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Nitrite, in equilibrium with free nitrous acid (FNA), can inhibit both aerobic and anaerobic growth of microbial communities through bactericidal activities that have considerable potential for control of microbial growth in a range of water systems. There has been much focus on the effect of nitrite/FNA on anaerobic metabolism and so, to enhance understanding of the metabolic impact of nitrite/FNA...
Evanescent coupling between a side-polished multi-core fiber and a single-mode fiber is demonstrated for the first time. The low-loss tap coupler is capable of isolating the output from a single core of a 7-core fiber.
We review recent progress in the development of hollow core optical fibres for telecoms/datacoms, highlighting in particular their suitability for low-latency/time-sensitive applications, and their ultimate potential for broadband, ultralow loss (and nonlinearity) transmission.
We present a compact low-loss few-mode fiber collimator with low mode-dependent loss (<0.3dB) and low modal crosstalk (<-16.8dB). By incorporating additional optical elements various functional components can be realized providing almost identical performance for all modes.
Hollow core Photonic Bandgap fibres (HC-PBGFs) are the subject of substantial interest due to their intrinsically low nonlinearity and latency, which represent a substantial advantage over conventional, solid fibres. In this paper, we review recent progress at the ORC towards achieving long lengths of uniform fibre and in particular describe the fabrication of a 11 km long span of HC-PBGF with relatively...
We report the fabrication of a record 11km length of photonic bandgap fiber supporting >200nm bandwidth with longitudinally uniform loss of ≈5dB/km at 1560nm and demonstrate error-free, low-latency, direct-detection 10Gbit/s transmission across the entire C-Band.
We design and characterize a graded-index-ring-core fiber supporting 7 LP mode-groups (13 spatial modes) for mode multiplexed transmission with low MIMO processing complexity. Spatial and temporal modal properties are analyzed using an SLM-based mode multiplexer/demultiplexer.
We propose and demonstrate a simple all-fiber spatial mode selective filter based on splicing a short segment of small-core SMF between two few-mode fibers. An 8dB MDL equalization range with less than 2dB IL is demonstrated for a 2-mode fiber device.
We present results of the first field trial ever to include a component of MDM. The demonstrated scenarios all confirm the possibility for a partial upgrade of legacy systems to few-mode technology.
Multi-element Fibers (MEFs) are presented as an alternative spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technology which can address some of the drawbacks that current implementations exhibit. The benefits obtained from this fiber geometry show that MEF can be a cost-effective solution for SDM implementation in commercial optical networks.
I review the objectives and achievements of EU project MODE GAP describing the significant progress made in MIMO-based Mode Division Multiplexing in both solid and hollow core fibres. The approach has progressed from little more than a concept at the start of project though to field experimentation in just over three years. The rapid progress has been enabled by major advances at all levels of the...
We review our recent results on different configurations of phase sensitive amplifiers that achieve all-optical phase regeneration and optical phase quantization at low nonlinear phase shifts.
We report the first demonstration of an inline two mode group thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TMG-TDFA) operating at 2µm for mode-division multiplexed transmission. Similar gain and noise figure performance are obtained for both spatial modes under cladding-pumped operation.
We experimentally demonstrate an all-optical phase quantiser based on phase-sensitive amplification which alleviates phase noise to amplitude noise conversion. Phase transfer functions are measured for the very first time using a novel scheme.
We present a 2-mode group, switchable spatial mode erbium doped fiber laser incorporating a spatial light modulator. The laser wavelength can be tuned using an intra-cavity wavelength selective filter and provides >10dB extinction ratio between LP01/LP11 modes.
We report the first experimental demonstration of a cladding pumped FM-EDFA supporting 4 mode groups. The modal gains are measured to be >20dB between 1540nm–1570nm with a modal differential gain of ∼4dB among the mode groups.
We review the capacity records achieved using mode-division multiplexing in few-mode fiber and hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers. Currently the MDM-capacity record for both fiber types is 73.7 Tb/s, whereas per wavelength 960 Gb/s is achieved.
The longest coherent transmission distance of 0.95km, and highest distance×bandwidth product 19cell hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) are demonstrated, indicating the potential for longer distance HC-PBGF high capacity coherent transmission applications.
We demonstrate successful 3-mode-division-multiplexed × 192-Gb/s dual-polarization 8QAM (total 576 Gb/s) transmission over 480 km of few-mode fiber (FMF). This distance was obtained using an all few-mode re-circulating loop containing a 60 km FMF span.
We review our recent progress in the fabrication, characterization, modeling and splicing of wide transmission bandwidth hollow core photonic bandgap fibers and discuss their modal properties and potential for data transmission.
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