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The band alignments of metal oxides taken from experiment or density functional calculations are discussed. These are used to understand the doping limits in transparent conducting oxides. These results are compared with standard results for other 3D bonded semiconductors such as the zincblende semiconductors. The band offsets and Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) for 2D semiconductors like transition...
N-type transparent conducting oxides are based on ionic oxides with s-like cation conduction bands. The effect of disorder on their conduction band states is found to be small, because angular disorder has no effect on s states. Aliovalent impurities give rise to shallow states at the conduction band, which leads to an absence of a conduction band tail of localized states. This leads to a higher electron...
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